|
| Sets |
| Electricity transmission technologies (OHAC and HVDC) |
| Subregions |
| Time-step, {1,..,8784} |
| Technology |
| Variable renewable technologies (wind, solar, and run-of-river) |
| Technologies able to provide inertia (wind power and synchronous generators) |
| Technologies able to provide frequency reserves |
| Energy storage technologies (Li-ion batteries and hydrogen storage) |
| Energy storage charging technologies |
| Energy storage discharging technologies |
| Electricity-generating technologies |
| Frequency reserve interval {1,..,6} |
| matrix connecting energy storage units with their respective charging capacity technologies (e.g., electrolyzer and inverter) and discharge capacities |
|
| Variables |
| Electricity net export from region to region during time-step | GWh/h |
| Investment in technology in region | GW |
| Generation, or storage level, for technology at time-step in region | GWh/h |
| Charging of storage in region at time-step | GWh/h |
| Discharging of storage in region at time-step | GWh/h |
| Available inertial power | GW |
| Available frequency reserves | GW |
|
| Parameters |
| Charging and discharging efficiency of technology | - |
| Equals 1 for frequency reserve intervals 3–6, for which VRE variations cause a reserve demand | - |
| Investment cost for technology | k€/GW |
| Running cost (including fuel, CO2, and variable O&M costs) for technology | k€/GWh |
| Fixed yearly O&M cost for technology | |
| Start-up cost for technology | k€/GW |
| Part-load cost for technology | k€/GW |
| Already existing capacity of technology in region | GW(h) |
| Already existing transmission capacity of technology between regions and | GW |
| Frequency reserve demand due to intrahourly load variations | GW |
| Frequency reserve demand to cover for worst single fault () | GW |
| Duration of inertia power response (10 s) | s |
| Inertial power response from connected generators (see Table 4) | - |
| Ability of technology to increase output until reserve interval | - |
| Ability of technology to start up until reserve interval | - |
| Duration of reserve window | s |
| Storage (dis)charge rate as a fraction of storage per hour | [-] |
| Hourly profile for VRE (equal to 1 for dispatchable technologies) | [-] |
|
