Table of Contents 
International Journal of Family Medicine
Volume 2014, Article ID 852317, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/852317
Research Article

The Effect of Economic, Physical, and Psychological Abuse on Mental Health: A Population-Based Study of Women in the Philippines

Diddy Antai,1,2 Ayo Oke,2 Patrick Braithwaite,2 and Gerald Bryan Lopez2

1Centre for Public Health Research, School of Health Sciences, City University London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
2Division of Global Health & Inequalities, The Angels Trust-Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria

Received 10 May 2014; Revised 4 November 2014; Accepted 4 November 2014; Published 27 November 2014

Academic Editor: Jens Søndergaard

Copyright © 2014 Diddy Antai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. J. L. Postmus, C.-C. Huang, and A. Mathisen-Stylianou, “The impact of physical and economic abuse on maternal mental health and parenting,” Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1922–1928, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. E. G. Krug, J. A. Mercy, L. L. Dahlberg, and A. B. Zwi, “The world report on violence and health,” The Lancet, vol. 360, no. 9339, pp. 1083–1088, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  3. J. C. Campbell, “Health consequences of intimate partner violence,” The Lancet, vol. 359, no. 9314, pp. 1331–1336, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  4. D. Antai, “Traumatic physical health consequences of intimate partner violence against women: what is the role of community-level factors?” BMC Women's Health, vol. 11, article 56, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  5. D. Antai and S. Adaji, “Community-level influences on women's experience of intimate partner violence and terminated pregnancy in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis,” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 12, article 128, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  6. K. Devries, C. Watts, M. Yoshihama et al., “Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 79–86, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. M. B. Mechanic, T. L. Weaver, and P. A. Resick, “Mental health consequences of intimate partner abuse: a multidimensional assessment of four different forms of abuse,” Violence Against Women, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 634–654, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  8. M. A. Pico-Alfonso, I. M. Garcia-Linares, N. Celda-Navarro, C. Blasco-Ros, E. Echeburúa, and M. Martinez, “The impact of physical, psychological, and sexual intimate male partner violence on women's mental health: depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, state anxiety, and suicide,” Journal of Women's Health, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 599–611, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  9. C. Garcia-Moreno, H. Jansen, M. Ellsberg, L. Heise, and C. Watts, WHO Multicountry Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
  10. M. Ellsberg, L. Heise, R. Peña, S. Agurto, and A. Winkvist, “Researching domestic violence against women: methological and ethical considerations,” Studies in Family Planning, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  11. F. S. Danis and S. Bhandaris, “Understanding domestic violence: a primer,” in Domestic Violence: Intersectionality and Culturally Competent Practice, L. L. Lockart and F. S. Danis, Eds., pp. 29–66, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2010. View at Google Scholar
  12. A. E. Adams, C. M. Sullivan, D. Bybee, and M. R. Greeson, “Development of the scale of economic abuse,” Violence Against Women, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 563–588, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  13. J. L. Postmus, S.-B. Plummer, S. McMahon, N. S. Murshid, and M. S. Kim, “Understanding economic abuse in the lives of survivors,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 411–430, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  14. E. Stark, Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 2007.
  15. C.-C. Huang, J. L. Postmus, J. H. Vikse, and L.-R. Wang, “Economic abuse, physical violence, and union formation,” Children and Youth Services Review, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 780–786, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  16. S. Vyas and C. Watts, “How does economic empowerment affect women's risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence,” Journal of International Development, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 577–602, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  17. T. L. Weaver, C. K. Sanders, C. L. Campbell, and M. Schnabel, “Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the domestic violence-related financial issues scale (DV-FI),” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 569–585, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  18. K. M. C. von de Linde, How Are Domestic Violence Programs Meeting the Economic Needs of Battered Women in Iowa? An Assessment and Recommendations, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, Harrisburg, Pa, USA, 2002.
  19. M. P. Brewster, “Power and control dynamics in prestalking and stalking situations,” Journal of Family Violence, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 207–217, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  20. R. M. Tolman and H. C. Wang, “Domestic violence and women's employment: fixed effects models of three waves of women's employment study data,” The American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 36, no. 1-2, pp. 147–158, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  21. M. A. Anderson, P. M. Gillig, M. Sitaker, K. McCloskey, K. Malloy, and N. Grigsby, “Why doesn’t she just leave? A descriptive study of victim reported impediments to her safety,” Journal of Family Violence, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 151–155, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  22. O. I. Fawole, “Economic violence to women and girls: is it receiving the necessary attention?” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 167–177, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  23. E. Lehrer, K. Crittenden, and K. F. Norr, “Depression and economic self-sufficiency among inner-city minority mothers,” Social Science Research, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 285–309, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  24. M. Ellsberg, R. Peña, A. Herrera, J. Liljestrand, and A. Winkvist, “Candies in hell: women's experiences of violence in Nicaragua,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1595–1610, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  25. D. R. Follingstad, “Rethinking current approaches to psychological abuse: conceptual and methodological issues,” Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 439–458, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  26. R. D. Goldney, “A global view of suicidal behaviour,” Emergency Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 24–34, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  27. M. K. Nock, G. Borges, E. J. Bromet, C. B. Cha, R. C. Kessler, and S. Lee, “Suicide and suicidal behavior,” Epidemiologic Reviews, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 133–154, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  28. P. S. Ribeiro, K. H. Jacobsen, C. D. Mathers, and C. Garcia-Moreno, “Priorities for women's health from the global burden of disease study,” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 82–90, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  29. L. Vijayakumar, S. John, J. Pirkis, and H. Whiteford, “Suicide in developing countries (2): risk factors,” Crisis, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 112–119, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  30. E. C. Harris and B. Barraclough, “Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis,” British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 170, pp. 205–228, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  31. M. A. Kernic, M. E. Wolf, and L. M. Holt, “Rates and relative risk of hospital admission among women in violent intimate partner relationships,” American Journal of Public Health, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 1416–1420, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  32. T. C. Russ, E. Stamatakis, M. Hamer, J. M. Starr, M. Kivimäki, and G. D. Batty, “Association between psychological distress and mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies,” British Medical Journal, vol. 345, no. 7871, Article ID e4933, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  33. B. Wheaton, “The twain meet: distress, disorder and the continuing conundrum of categories,” Health, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 303–319, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  34. M. R. Phillips, “Is distress a symptom of mental disorders, a marker of impairment, both or neither?” World Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 91–92, 2009. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  35. V. J. Edwards, M. C. Black, S. Dhingra, L. McKnight-Eily, and G. S. Perry, “Physical and sexual intimate partner violence and reported serious psychological distress in the 2007 BRFSS,” International Journal of Public Health, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 37–42, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  36. I. Ruiz-Pérez and J. Plazaola-Castaño, “Intimate partner violence and mental health consequences in women attending family practice in Spain,” Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 791–797, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  37. K. M. Devries, J. Y. Mak, L. J. Bacchus et al., “Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies,” PLoS Medicine, vol. 10, no. 5, Article ID e1001439, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  38. H. Khalifeh and K. Dean, “Gender and violence against people with severe mental illness,” International Review of Psychiatry, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 535–546, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  39. T. D. Hill, K. N. Mossakowski, and R. J. Angel, “Relationship violence and psychological distress among low-income urban women,” Journal of Urban Health, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 537–551, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  40. V. Murali and F. Oyebode, “Poverty, social inequality and mental health,” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 216–224, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  41. D. Dooley, J. Prause, and K. A. Ham-Rowbottom, “Underemployment and depression: longitudinal relationships,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 421–436, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  42. ICF Macro, “Demographic and health survey interviewer’s manual,” MEASURE DHS Basic Documentation 2, ICF Macro, Calverton, Md, USA, 2011. View at Google Scholar
  43. S. O. Rutstein and G. Rojas, Guide to DHS Statistics, ORC Macro International, Calverton, Md, USA, 2003.
  44. National Statistics Office and ICF Macro, Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Key Findings, NSO and ICF Macro, Calverton, Md, USA, 2009.
  45. M. A. Strauss, “Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the conflict tactics (CT) scales,” Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 75–88, 1979. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  46. S. Greenland and T. L. Lash, “Bias analysis,” in Modern Epidemiology, K. J. Rothman, Ed., pp. 345–380, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 2008. View at Google Scholar
  47. J. J. Mandemakers and C. W. S. Monden, “Does the effect of job loss on psychological distress differ by educational level?” Work, Employment & Society, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 73–93, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  48. N. Kaslow, M. Thompson, L. Meadows et al., “Risk factors for suicide attempts among African American women,” Depression and Anxiety, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 13–20, 2000. View at Google Scholar
  49. K. Carbone-López, C. Kruttschnitt, and R. Macmillan, “Patterns of intimate partner violence and their associations with physical health, psychological distress, and substance use,” Public Health Reports, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 382–392, 2006. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  50. K. C. Basile, I. Arias, S. Desai, and M. P. Thompson, “The differential association of intimate partner physical, sexual, psychological, and stalking violence and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nationally representative sample of women,” Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 413–421, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  51. J. A. Bennice, P. A. Resick, M. Mechanic, and M. Astin, “The relative effects of intimate partner physical and sexual violence on post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology,” Violence and Victims, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 87–94, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  52. H. C. Wilcox, C. L. Storr, and N. Breslau, “Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide attempts in a community sample of urban American young adults,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 305–311, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  53. K. Suominen, E. Isometsä, J. Suokas, J. Haukka, K. Achte, and J. Lönnqvist, “Completed suicide after a suicide attempt: a 37-year follow-up study,” The American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 562–563, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  54. T. A. Blakely, S. C. D. Collings, and J. Atkinson, “Unemployment and suicide. Evidence for a causal association?” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 594–600, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  55. A. L. Beautrais, P. R. Joyce, and R. T. Mulder, “Unemployment and serious suicide attempts,” Psychological Medicine, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 209–218, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  56. Z. Li, A. Page, G. Martin, and R. Taylor, “Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: a systematic review,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 608–616, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  57. J. Sareen, T. O. Afifi, K. A. McMillan, and G. J. G. Asmundson, “Relationship between household income and mental disorders: Findings from a population-based longitudinal study,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 419–427, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  58. B. P. Dohrenwend, I. Levav, P. E. Shrout et al., “Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: the causation-selection issue,” Science, vol. 255, no. 5047, pp. 946–952, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  59. D. E. Clarke, A. Colantonio, A. E. Rhodes, and M. Escobar, “Pathways to suicidality across ethnic groups in Canadian adults: the possible role of social stress,” Psychological Medicine, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 419–431, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  60. J. M. Leone, M. P. Johnson, C. L. Cohan, and S. E. Lloyd, “Consequences of male partner violence for low-income minority women,” Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 472–490, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  61. R. Jina, R. Jewkes, S. Hoffman, K. L. Dunkle, M. Nduna, and N. J. Shai, “Adverse mental health outcomes associated with emotional abuse in young rural South African women: a cross-sectional study,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 862–880, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  62. P. B. Mortensen, E. Agerbo, T. Erikson, P. Qin, and N. Westergaard-Nielsen, “Psychiatric illness and risk factors for suicide in Denmark,” The Lancet, vol. 355, no. 9197, pp. 9–12, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  63. R. C. Kessler, T. C. Wai, O. Demler, and E. E. Walters, “Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 617–627, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  64. A. Pillai, T. Andrews, and V. Patel, “Violence, psychological distress and the risk of suicidal behaviour in young people in India,” International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 459–469, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  65. A. Rosenbaum and J. Langhinrichsen-Rohling, “Meta-research on violence and victims: the impact of data collection methods on findings and participants,” Violence and Victims, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 404–409, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  66. H. Knapp and S. A. Kirk, “Using pencil and paper, internet and touch-tone phones for self-administered surveys: does methodology matter?” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 117–134, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  67. K. L. Chan, “Gender differences in self-reports of intimate partner violence: a review,” Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 167–175, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  68. J. Hardt and M. Rutter, “Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 260–273, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus