Research Article
The Effect of Economic, Physical, and Psychological Abuse on Mental Health: A Population-Based Study of Women in the Philippines
Table 1
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample.
| | Characteristics | Suicide attempt | Psychological distress | | No | Yes | Bivariate analyses | No | Yes | Bivariate analyses | | (%) | (%) | OR (95% CI) | (%) | (%) | OR (95% CI) |
| | Women’s age (groups) | | | | | | 15–19 | 185 (8) | 12 (6) | 0.52 (0.26–1.05) | 103 (8) | 94 (8) | 0.88 (0.61–1.28) | | 20–24 | 333 (15) | 24 (12) | 0.58 (0.33–1.02) | 186 (15) | 171 (15) | 0.89 (0.65–1.23) | | 25–29 | 413 (18) | 36 (18) | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) | 252 (20) | 196 (17) | 0.75 (0.56–1.02) | | 30–34 | 421 (19) | 37 (19) | 0.71 (0.42–1.18) | 244 (19) | 214 (19) | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | | 35–39 | 371 (17) | 31 (15) | 0.67 (0.39–1.14) | 209 (16) | 193 (17) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | | 40–44 | 279 (13) | 29 (15) | 0.83 (0.48–1.44) | 156 (12) | 152 (13) | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) | | 45–49 | 233 (10) | 29 (15) | 1 | 129 (10) | 133 (11) | 1 | | Educational level | | | | | | No education | 38 (2) | 3 (1) | 1.05 (0.32–3.46) | 22 (2) | 19 (2) | 0.99 (0.54–1.86) | | Primary | 568 (25) | 73 (37) | 1.72 (1.26–2.33) | 319 (25) | 322 (28) | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) | | Secondary or higher | 1629 (73) | 122 (62) | 1 | 938 (73) | 812 (70) | 1 | | Current working status | | | | | | Unemployed | 1097 (49) | 73 (37) | 0.60 (0.45–0.82) | 652 (51) | 518 (45) | 0.78 (0.67–0.92) | | Employed | 1138 (51) | 125 (63) | 1 | 627 (49) | 635 (55) | 1 | | Wealth index | | | | | | Poorest quintile | 594 (27) | 64 (32) | 2.84 (1.44–5.63) | 314 (24) | 343 (30) | 1.42 (1.07–1.89) | | 2nd poorest quintile | 536 (24) | 53 (27) | 2.61 (1.31–5.21) | 307 (24) | 282 (24) | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | | Middle quintile | 476 (21) | 44 (22) | 2.44 (1.21–4.93) | 302 (24) | 218 (19) | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | | 2nd richer quintile | 365 (16) | 27 (14) | 1.95 (0.93–4.10) | 201 (16) | 191 (17) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | | Richest quintile | 264 (12) | 10 (5) | 1 | 155 (12) | 119 (10) | 1 | | Marital status | | | | | | Never/formerly married | 282 (13) | 12 (6) | 1 | 151 (12) | 143 (12) | 1 | | Currently married | 1953 (87) | 186 (94) | 2.24 (1.23–4.07) | 1128 (88) | 1010 (88) | 0.94 (0.74–1.21) | | Place of residence | | | | | | Urban | 985 (44) | 73 (37) | 1 | 596 (47) | 462 (40) | 1 | | Rural | 1250 (56) | 125 (63) | 1.35 (1.19–1.82) | 683 (53) | 691 (60) | 1.30 (1.11–1.53) | | Controlling behaviour | | | | | | No | 714 (32) | 33 (17) | 1 | 460 (36) | 286 (25) | 1 | | Yes | 1521 (68) | 165 (83) | 2.34 (1.59–3.44) | 819 (64) | 867 (75) | 1.71 (1.43–2.04) | | Justify wife beating | | | | | | No | 1730 (77) | 154 (78) | 1 | 993 (78) | 890 (77) | 1 | | Yes | 505 (23) | 44 (22) | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) | 286 (22) | 263 (23) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) |
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Note: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; % = percentage.
. . .
= 2235; = 198; = 1279; = 1153.
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