Total Dose Effect (TDE) on solid state devices is of serious concern as it changes the electrical properties leading to degradation of the devices and failure of the systems associated with them. Ionization caused due to TDE in commercial P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) has been studied, where the failure mechanism is found to be mainly a result of the changes in the oxide properties and the surface effects at the channel beneath the gate oxide. The threshold voltage of the MOSFETs was found to shift from &#x2212;0.69&#x2009;V to &#x2212;2.41&#x2009;V for a total gamma dose of 1&#x2009;Mrad. The net negative threshold shifts in the irradiated devices reveal the major contribution of oxide trapped charges to device degradation. The radiation induced oxide and interface charge densities were estimated through subthreshold measurements, and the trap densities were found to increase by one order in magnitude after a total gamma dose of 1&#x2009;Mrad. Other parameters like transconductance, subthreshold swing, and drain saturation current are also investigated as a function of gamma dose.

Shashank Nagaraj

Vikram Singh

Halepoojar Siddalingappa Jayanna

Kagalagodu Manjunathiah Balakrishna

Ramakrishna Damle

<sup>60</sup>Co-Gamma Ray Induced Total Dose Effects on  P-Channel MOSFETs

In this communication, Co/Cu substituted Ni-Zn ferrites processed through sol-gel synthesis using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a chelating agent are studied, intending to aid in understanding and choosing the optimum ferrite material for high frequency applications. Lattice constant and average crystallite size have been estimated from FWHM of the X-ray diffraction peaks, and these parameters are understood by considering the ionic radii of the substituted as well as the replacing ions. Observed variations in saturation magnetization and initial permeability for these ferrites have been explained on the basis of anisotropy contribution for cobalt and segregation of copper at grain boundaries evident from scanning electron micrographs.

G. S. V. R. K. Choudary

P. Prameela

M. Chaitanya Varma

A. Mahesh Kumar

K. H. Rao

Contribution to Analysis of Co/Cu Substituted Ni-Zn Ferrites

The ZnO and Mo:ZnO thin films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on quartz and intrinsic silicon (100) substrates at a fixed combined partial pressure <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:55.450001px;" id="M1" height="16.049999" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 55.450001 16.049999" width="55.450001" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.775)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.996,15.775)"><path id="xD7" d="M528 54l-36 -38l-198 201l-198 -201l-36 38l197 200l-197 201l36 38l198 -202l198 202l36 -38l-197 -201z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,25.748,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x31" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,33.907,15.775)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,42.075,7.613)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,49.06,7.613)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g></svg> mbar of Ar + O<sub>2</sub> and substrate temperatures of 473 K and 673 K. The effect of Molybdenum doping on ZnO thin films with different Molybdenum concentrations (1-2 atomic percent) was studied with the help of structural and microstructural characterization techniques. The films deposited at a substrate temperature of 473 K exhibited strong <i>c</i>-axis orientation with predominant (002) peak.  At 673 K, along with (002) orientation, other orientations (100), (101), (220), and (103) were also observed. Among these, the (220) peak indicates the cubic phase of ZnO. With increasing Molybdenum concentration, the cubic phase of ZnO disappeared, and the (002) orientation became strong and intense. The composition analysis reveals that the undoped ZnO films deposited at 473 K have oxygen deficiency, and the ratio of Zn/O is improved with increasing Mo atomic percent in ZnO. The surface morphological features reveal that the undoped ZnO films were found to be uniform and have grain size of around 30 nm. The optical energy gap of the undoped ZnO films is 3.05 eV and increases with increasing Mo concentration. The thickness of the films is around 456 nm.

K. Srinivasarao

G. Srinivasarao

K. V. Madhuri

K. Krishna Murthy

P. K. Mukhopadhyay

Preparation and Characterization of R.F. Magnetron Sputtered Mo:ZnO Thin Films

The sorption of Ni(II) onto grape shell ash (GSA) was studied by performing batch kinetic sorption experiments. The influences of major parameters in Nickel(II) ions sorption on GS such as initial of pH, initial concentration of Ni(II) ions, the initial temperatures of solution, and contact time were investigated. The maximum increase in the rate of sorption of Ni(II) ions on GS was observed at an initial pH = 5, initial concentration of nickel 50 mgL<sup>−1</sup>, temperature of solution (328 K), and <svg style="vertical-align:-0.27588pt;width:41.662498px;" id="M1" height="11.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 41.662498 11.175" width="41.662498" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x1D461" d="M324 430l-26 -36l-112 -4l-55 -265q-13 -66 7 -66q13 0 44.5 20t50.5 40l17 -24q-38 -40 -85.5 -73.5t-87.5 -33.5q-50 0 -21 138l55 262h-80l-2 8l25 34h66l25 99l78 63l10 -9l-37 -153h128z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.568,10.862)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,25.272,10.862)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,33.431,10.862)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g></svg> min. The rate constants and the equilibrium sorption capacities were calculated. The results indicate that the sorption process follows the second-order kinetics and the values of rate constants were found to be 0.224, 0.402, 0.193 and 0.123 min<sup>−1</sup> at 298, 308, 318, and 328 K, respectively. The values of correlation coefficients for the adsorption of Ni(II) on GSA from all the systems were found to be 0.999, and the values of predicted equilibrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the experimental equilibrium uptake values. The thermodynamic parameters (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.15048pt;width:28.362499px;" id="M2" height="13.225" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 28.362499 13.225" width="28.362499" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><path id="x394" d="M600 0h-557v24l268 633l28 8l261 -641v-24zM497 50l-194 489l-196 -489h390z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.959,12.875)"><path id="x1D43A" d="M713 296l-5 -25q-47 -7 -59 -20t-23 -72l-15 -79q-9 -48 -3 -74q-15 -3 -55 -13t-63 -15t-59.5 -10t-70.5 -5q-149 0 -243 80t-94 220q0 169 127.5 276.5t336.5 107.5q91 0 206 -36l-10 -165l-29 -1q1 85 -47.5 126t-146.5 41q-153 0 -243.5 -97t-90.5 -242&#xA;q0 -122 68.5 -198.5t188.5 -76.5q121 0 139 75l20 86q13 58 -1.5 70.5t-99.5 20.5l5 26h267z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,23.262,4.712)"><path id="x2218" d="M326 255q0 -56 -41 -96t-99 -40t-99 40t-41 96t41 96t99 40t99 -40t41 -96zM274 255q0 38 -25.5 65t-62.5 27t-62.5 -27t-25.5 -65t25.5 -65t62.5 -27t62.5 27t25.5 65z" /></g></svg>, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:30.9625px;" id="M3" height="12.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 30.9625 12.9375" width="30.9625" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x394" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.959,12.875)"><path id="x1D43B" d="M865 650q-1 -4 -4 -14t-4 -14q-62 -5 -77 -19.5t-29 -82.5l-74 -394q-12 -61 -0.5 -77t75.5 -21l-6 -28h-273l8 28q64 5 82 21t29 76l36 198h-380l-37 -197q-11 -64 0.5 -78.5t79.5 -19.5l-6 -28h-268l6 28q60 6 75.5 21.5t26.5 76.5l75 394q13 66 2 81.5t-77 20.5l8 28&#xA;h263l-6 -28q-58 -5 -75.5 -21t-30.5 -81l-26 -153h377l29 153q12 67 2 81t-74 21l5 28h268z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,25.862,4.712)"><use xlink:href="#x2218" /></g></svg>, and <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1254pt;width:24.2125px;" id="M4" height="13.225" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 24.2125 13.225" width="24.2125" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,12.875)"><use xlink:href="#x394" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.959,12.875)"><path id="x1D446" d="M457 488l-30 -3q-17 148 -131 148q-53 0 -84.5 -34.5t-31.5 -82.5q0 -42 25.5 -72t74.5 -62l33 -22q63 -42 95 -85t32 -102q0 -84 -67 -137t-163 -53q-58 0 -113 22t-70 43l-4 152l27 4q4 -32 15 -62.5t31 -59.5t53.5 -47t76.5 -18q56 0 92 35t36 96q0 39 -25 70t-78 68&#xA;l-31 22q-32 23 -53.5 41.5t-45 57t-23.5 77.5q0 82 58 132.5t156 50.5q46 0 101 -17l18.5 -6t17 -6t8.5 -3q-4 -55 0 -147z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,19.112,4.712)"><use xlink:href="#x2218" /></g></svg>) of the adsorption process were calculated, and these parameters showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous.

Nahid Ghasemi

Maryam Ghasemi

Yaghoub Khosravi-Fard

The Sorption of Ni(II) by Grape Shell Ash from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies

Perfect single crystals of cadmium oxalate have been grown using the slow and controlled reaction between cadmium acetate and oxalic acid in agar gel media at ambient temperature, resulting in the formation of insoluble product Cd(COO)<sub  >2</sub>. Different methods for growing crystals were adopted. The optimum conditions were employed in each method by varying the concentration of gel and reactants, gel setting time, and so forth. Prismatic, transparent single crystal about 20 times larger than the crystals obtained in various other methods at the interstitial by adding impurities in the gel was obtained. The grown crystals was characterized with the help of FT-IR studies and triclinic system of crystals were supported with lattice parameters <i  >a</i> = 8.803 A<sup  >0</sup>, <i  >b</i> = 22.352 A<sup  >0</sup>, <i  >c</i> = 5.706 A<sup  >0</sup>, <i  >&#x3b1;</i> = 95.74 A<sup  >0</sup>, <i  >&#x3b2;</i> = 90.92 A<sup  >0</sup>, <i  >&#x3b3;</i> = 117.01 A<sup  >0</sup>, and <i  >V</i> = 994.69 <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.0pt;width:22.9125px;" id="M1" height="19.387501" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 22.9125 19.387501" width="22.9125"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,19.325)"><path id="x41" d="M673 0h-245v28q47 6 58 16t1 39l-55 154h-213q-31 -87 -36 -129q-16 -47 -5 -61t68 -19v-28h-226v28q50 7 68.5 23.5t43.5 80.5l214 524l24 9l193 -536q23 -63 41.5 -79.5t68.5 -21.5v-28zM418 280l-81 255h-2q-74 -197 -101 -255h184z" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,11.813,11.175)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.008,-0,0,-.008,17.525,5.463)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>, calculated from X-ray diffractogram.

P. V. Dalal

Nucleation Controlled Growth of Cadmium Oxalate Crystals in Agar Gel and Their Characterization

Semiconducting thin films of ternary <svg     style="vertical-align:-4.10043pt;width:79.887497px;" id="M1" height="16.5375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 79.887497 16.5375" width="79.887497"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:49.237499px;" id="M2" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 49.237499 11.125" width="49.237499"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg>) have been deposited on glass substrate by the simple and economical chemical bath deposition method. We report the deposition and optimization of the solution growth parameters such as temperature, complexing agent, thiourea, and deposition time that maximizes the thickness of the deposited thin film. The X-ray diffraction deposited <svg     style="vertical-align:-4.10043pt;width:79.887497px;" id="M3" height="16.5375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 79.887497 16.5375" width="79.887497"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x48"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.625,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x67"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,20.575,16.325)"><use xlink:href="#x1D465"/></g>

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</svg> thin films having cubic structure. The thin films were uniform and adherent to substrate. The composition was found homogeneous and stoichiometric by EDAX analysis.

H. B. Patil

S. V. Borse

Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Mercury Chromium Sulphide Thin Films on Glass Substrate

Controlling the cooling rate during calcination and sintering, phase pure perovskite Ba(Zn<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> has been prepared by simple solid state reaction route with density &#x3e;93&#x25; at relatively low sintering of 1175&#xb0;C making it compatible for microwave dielectric applications. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction shows pure perovskite phase with cubic structure. The lattice constants were obtained <i>a</i> = 4.1032&#x2009;&#xc5;. Detailed studies of <i>&#x3b5;</i>&#x2032; and <i>&#x3b5;</i>&#x2032;&#x2032; show that the compound exhibits dielectric anomaly at 430&#xb0;C. Material shows distributed relaxation at higher temperature. Impedance analysis revealed that the impedance is mainly due to the grains. AC conduction activation energies are estimated from Arrhenius plots, and conduction mechanism is discussed.

P. K. Bajpai

K. N. Singh

Effect of Process Parameter Optimization in Reducing Sintering Temperature in the Synthesis and Characterization of Ba(Zn<sub>1/3</sub>Nb<sub>2/3</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized using arc discharge method at a magnetic field of 430&#x2009;G and purified using HNO<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that MWCNTs had inner and outer diameter of <i>&#x7e;</i>2&#x2009;nm and <i>&#x7e;</i>4&#x2009;nm, respectively. Raman spectroscopy confirmed formation of MWCNTs showing G-band at 1577&#x2009;cm<sup>&#x2212;1</sup>. ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MWCNT were produced using one step hydrothermal method. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of cubic spinel ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as well as incorporation of MWCNT into ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Visible light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) was studied using pure ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MWCNT. The results showed that ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MWCNT composite had higher photocatalytic activity as compared to pure ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. After irradiation for 5 hours in the visible light, MB was almost 84&#x25; degraded in the presence of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> photocatalyst, while 99&#x25; degradation was observed in case of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MWCNT composite. This enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of composite may be attributed to the inhibition of recombination of photogenerated charge carriers.

Sonal Singhal

Rimi Sharma

Charanjit Singh

S. Bansal

Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Using <svg style="vertical-align:-3.27605pt" height="15.675" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 61.174999 15.675" width="61.174999" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.537)"><path id="x5A" d="M561 176l29 -6q-25 -130 -36 -170h-517l-8 15l420 599h-173q-77 0 -102 -7t-39 -29q-19 -29 -35 -87l-29 1q9 111 12 183h24q9 -16 19 -20.5t34 -4.5h399l7 -14l-413 -594q48 -6 163 -6q94 0 131.5 7.5t58.5 29.5q28 29 55 103z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.534,11.537)"><path id="x6E" d="M524 0h-209v26q44 5 55 18t11 65v167q0 114 -91 114q-50 0 -109 -51v-235q0 -50 10 -61.5t55 -16.5v-26h-217v26q51 5 62 17t11 61v206q0 47 -9.5 58.5t-50.5 19.5v23q82 15 139 40v-79l67 47q47 30 83 30q60 0 94.5 -40t34.5 -112v-193q0 -50 10 -61.5t54 -16.5v-26z&#xA;" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,19.832,11.537)"><path id="x46" d="M493 503l-29 -4q-13 56 -28 80q-13 22 -35.5 29.5t-78.5 7.5h-76q-22 0 -27.5 -5t-5.5 -27v-238h103q66 0 82.5 12t25.5 62h29v-193h-29q-9 54 -25.5 67t-82.5 13h-103v-181q0 -64 15 -78.5t84 -19.5v-28h-272v28q61 5 74.5 19.5t13.5 78.5v399q0 64 -13 78t-72 19v28&#xA;h440q1 -40 10 -147z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.518,11.537)"><path id="x65" d="M380 106l15 -22q-42 -52 -87 -74t-76 -22q-89 0 -142 62t-53 151q0 103 66 175q67 73 146 73h1q61 0 105.5 -46.5t44.5 -105.5q0 -16 -4.5 -22.5t-18.5 -9.5q-54 -10 -262 -17q1 -95 46 -143.5t104 -48.5q61 0 115 50zM225 412q-35 0 -64.5 -32.5t-40.5 -90.5q83 0 170 3&#xA;q14 0 19 4.5t5 15.5q1 41 -23.5 70.5t-65.5 29.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,35.738,15.613)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.075,11.537)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,54.775,15.613)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g></svg>/MWCNT Composite Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method

Tetrafunctional cardo epoxy resin (EBCF) was cured by using 10 wt&#x25; maleic anhydride (MA), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), phthalic anhydride (PA), tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (THPA), tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA), and tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA) as hardeners at 120&#xb0;C for 40&#x2013;105 min (gel time) and then postcured 1 h at 130&#xb0;C. Gel time is found to depend on the structure of the anhydrides used. Cured samples were found insoluble in common solvents. Cured and uncured EBCF were characterized by FTIR, DSC, and TGA techniques. Cured and uncured resins followed multistep degradation reactions. Kinetic parameters, namely, order of degradation, energy of activation, frequency factor, and entropy change, were determined according to the Anderson-Freeman method and interpreted in light of the nature of hardeners used for curing purpose. The resins followed integral or fractional order degradation kinetics. Complex degradation reactions are due to different types of linkages in cured resins. Both nature and structure of resin and hardeners affected the curing behavior and the resultant thermal properties of the cured resins.

Jignesh P. Patel

Parsotam H. Parsania

Thermal Study of Anhydrides Cured Tetrafunctional Cardo Epoxy Resin

The bending of rectangular plate made of functionally graded material (FGM) is investigated by using three-dimensional elasticity theory. The governing equations obtained here are solved with static analysis considering the types of plates, which properties varying exponentially along <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.273pt;width:8.5874996px;" id="M1" height="8.4250002" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.5874996 8.4250002" width="8.5874996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> direction. The value of Poisson&#x2019;s ratio has been taken as a constant. The influence of different functionally graded variation on the stress and displacement fields was studied through a numerical example. The exact solution shows that the graded material properties have significant effects on the mechanical behavior of the plate.

Amin Hadi

Abbas Rastgoo

A. R. Daneshmehr

Farshad Ehsani

Stress and Strain Analysis of Functionally Graded Rectangular Plate with Exponentially Varying Properties

This study investigates the effect of heating mode on the sintering of tungsten-copper alloys containing up to 30&#x2009;wt.&#x25;&#x2009;Cu. The sinterability of the W-Cu system consolidated in a 2.45&#x2009;GHz multimode microwave furnace has been critically compared with that processed in a radiatively heated (conventional) furnace. The as-pressed W-Cu alloys can be readily sintered in microwave furnace with substantial (sixfold) reduction in the processing time. As compared to conventional sintering, microwave processing results in greater densification, more homogenous distribution of the binder phase, and smaller tungsten grain size. The densification in compacts increases with increasing Cu content. For all compositions, the electrical conductivity and hardness of microwave sintered W-Cu alloys are higher than those of their conventionally sintered counterparts. This study investigates the effect of heating mode on the sintering of tungsten-copper alloys containing up to 30&#x2009;wt.&#x25;&#x2009;Cu. The W-Cu alloys were sintered in a 2.45&#x2009;GHz microwave furnace with substantial (sixfold) reduction in the processing time. As compared to conventional sintering, microwave processing results in greater densification, more homogenous distribution of the binder phase, and smaller tungsten grain size. This results in higher electrical conductivity and hardness of the microwave sintered W-Cu alloys.

Avijit Mondal

Anish Upadhyaya

Dinesh Agrawal

Effect of Heating Mode and Copper Content on the Densification of W-Cu Alloys

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Indian Journal of Materials Science