GPS Vulnerability to Spoofing Threats and a Review of Antispoofing Techniques

Table 2

Summary of spoofing mitigation techniques.

Anti-spoofing method	Spoofing feature	Complexity	Effectiveness	Receiver required capability	Spoofing scenario generality
Vestigial signal detection	The authentic signal is still present and can be detected	High	Medium	Multiple receive channels	Medium
Multi-antenna null steering	Spoofing signals coming from the Same direction	Medium	High	Multiple receiver antennas	High
RAIM	Higher residuals for spoofed measurements	Medium	Medium	—	Medium