Effectiveness of GNSS Spoofing Countermeasure Based on Receiver CNR Measurements

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</svg> as a function of spoofer-Rx separation in a LOS channel with measurement errors and based on <svg height="17.950001" id="M224" style="vertical-align:-5.65108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 56.375 17.950001" width="56.375" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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</svg> (dB), <svg height="19.262501" id="M225" style="vertical-align:-5.65108pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 104.8125 19.262501" width="104.8125" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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</svg>, and a path-loss exponent of <svg height="11.125" id="M226" style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 0 36.237499 11.125" width="36.237499" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-.017,.062,10.863)"><path d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2
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</svg>.</table>

International Journal of Navigation and Observation

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: Effectiveness of GNSS Spoofing Countermeasure Based on Receiver CNR Measurements 