International Journal of Peptides

Review Article

Effect of Ghrelin on Glucose-Insulin Homeostasis: Therapeutic Implications

Table 1

Acute effects of ghrelin administration on glucose-insulin homeostasis in different species and metabolic situations. IV: intravenous; O: oral.
SpeciesTreatmentDoseFood before experimentTreatment durationPlasma glucose or GIRPlasma insulinReference
Health humans1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG/kgFasting overnight3 hoursEnhancedDecreased[65]
Health humans1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection3.3  𝜇 g AG/kgFasting overnight3 hoursEnhancedDecreased[68]
Health humans1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursEnhancedDecreased [67, 81]
Health humans1 IV AG injection + O-GTT versus O-GTT1  𝜇 g AG/kg + 100 g glucoseFasting overnight2 hoursNot changeNot change [81]
1 IV AG injection + FFA versus FFA1  𝜇 g AG/kg + 10% FFAFasting overnight2 hoursNot changeDecreased
1 IV AG injection + arginine versus arginine1  𝜇 g AG/kg + 0.5 g arginine/kgFasting overnight2 hoursEnhancedDecreased
Health humans1 IV AG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursEnhancedDecreased [67]
1 IV UAG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g UAG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursNot changeNot change
1 IV AG injection + UAG versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG/kg + 1  𝜇 g UAG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursNot changeNot change
Health humans IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion5 pmol AG/kg/minFasting overnight3 hoursEnhancedEnhanced [77]
Health humansIV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion
Both with pancreatic clamp + hyperinsulinemic-euglicemic clamp + glucose adjustable		5 pmol AG/kg/minFasting overnight5 hoursDuring clamp GIR diminished with ghrelinNot change [71]
Hypopituitary humans1 IV AG or UAG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG or UAG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursEnhancedNot change [82]
1 IV AG + UAG injection versus 1 IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG/kg + 1  𝜇 g UAG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursNot changeDiminished
Hypopituitary humansIV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion
Both with hyperinsulinemic-euglicemic clamp		5 pmol AG/kg/minFasting overnight5 hoursBasal period enhanced, during clamp GIR diminishedNot change[78]
Gastrectomized humansIV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion
Both with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp		5 pmol AG/kg/minFasting overnight5 hoursDiminished GIRNot change [80]
IV AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion
Both with IV-GTT infusion		1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min24-hour fasting40 minutesNot changeNot change
Normal ratsIP AG infusion versus IV placebo infusion
Both with IV-GTT infusion		1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min24-hour fasting40 minutesEnhancedDiminished [70]
IV AG infusion versus IP placebo infusion
Both with IP-GTT infusion		1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min24-hour fasting40 minutesNot changeNot change
IP AG infusion versus IP placebo infusion
Both with IP-GTT infusion		1 ng AG/kg/h + 13.3 mg glucose/kg/min24-hour fasting40 minutesEnhancedDiminished
Normal rats1 IV UAG injection + IV-GTT versus IV-GTT30 nmol UAG/kg + 1 g glucose/kgFasting overnight50 minutesNot changeEnhanced [83]
1 IV AG injection + IV-GTT versus IV-GTT30 nmol UAG/kg + 1 g glucose/kgFasting overnight50 minutesNot changeNot change
Rats with hepatic vagotomyIP AG infusion versus IP placebo infusion
Both with IP-GTT infusion		1 ng AG/kg//h +13.3 mg glucose/kg/min24-hour fasting40 minutesNot changeNot change [70]
Mice ddY1 IP AG injection versus 1 IP placebo injection
Both with IP-GTT		1 and 10 nmol AG/kg + 1 g glucose/kgFasting overnight2 hoursEnhancedDecreased [58]
1 IP AG injection versus 1 IP placebo injection1 nmol/kgFasting overnight2 hoursEnhanced
C57BL/6J mice1 IV AG injection + IV-GTT versus IV-GTT50 nmol AG/kg + 1g/kg3-hour fasting50 minutesNot changeDiminished[84]
GH-deficient little mice1 IP AG injection versus 1 IP placebo injection1 nmol AG/kgFasting overnight30 minutesEnhanced [58]
Obese humans1 IV AG injection versus IV placebo injection1  𝜇 g AG/kgFasting overnight2 hoursNot changeNot change[72]