Effect of Ghrelin on Glucose-Insulin Homeostasis: Therapeutic Implications

Table 5

Glucose and insulin levels in GHSR-, ghrelin-, and double-knockout animals.

Null mice	Treatment	Dose	Food before/during experiment	Measurement blood samples	Plasma glucose levels	Plasma insulin levels	Reference
Ghrelin	KO versus wildtype		SCD 4–20 weeks old	Endpoint	Not change	Not change	[35]
Ghrelin	KO versus wildtype		SCD 4–10 weeks of age	Endpoint	Not change	Not change	[103]
Ghrelin	IP-GTT, KO versus wildtype	2 g glucose/kg	SCD, fasted	Time course-2 hours	Diminished	Enhanced	[91]
	KO versus wildtype		SCD, fed	Endpoint	Endpoint	Not change
	KO HDF versus KO SCD		HFD 8–12 weeks old	Endpoint	Not change	Enhanced
	IP-GTT, KO HFD versus KO SCD	2 g glucose/kg	HFD 8–12 weeks old	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Enhanced
Ghrelin	IP-GTT, KO versus wildtype	2.5 g glucose/kg	SCD 8-week old	Time course-2 hours	Diminished	Enhanced	[36]
Ghrelin	KO versus wildtype		SCD, 6 hours fast	Endpoint	Not change	Not change	[37]
	AG versus saline	2.5 g glucose/kg + 1 IP injection of 150 nmol AG/kg	SCD 8-week old, 18 h fast	Time course-2 hours	Enhanced	Diminished	[36]
	ITT, KO versus wildtype	0.75 U/kg	SCD 8-week old, 8h fast	Time course-2.5 hours	Diminished
Ghrelin	Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, KO versus wildtype		SCD 8-week old		GIR enhanced during clamp
	KO versus wildtype		SCD 12-week old	Endpoint	Not change	Not change
	KO.ob/ob versus wildtype.ob/ob		SCD 12-week old	Endpoint	Diminished	Enhanced
	KO.ob/ob versus wildtype.ob/ob		SCD 12-week old, 24 hours fast	Endpoint	Diminished	Not change
Ghrelin	IP-GTT, KO versus wildtype	2 g glucose/kg	SCD, 6 hours fast	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Not change	[37]
	ITT, KO versus wildtype	1 U/kg	SCD, 6 hours fast	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Not change
Ghrelin	O-GTT, KO DIO versus wildtype DIO	1 g glucose/kg	HFD 8–23 weeks old, 16 hours fast	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Diminished	[33]
Ghrelin	KO versus wildtype		10-week SCD + 40 days on 50% caloric restriction with SCD	Time course every 2 days	2–16 day diminished		[34]
	KO DIO versus wildtype DIO		HFD 8–23 weeks old	Endpoint	diminished	Diminished
	IPGTT, KO DIO versus wildtype DIO	1 g glucose/kg	HFD 8–23 weeks old, 16 hours fasted	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Diminished	[33]
Ghrelin	Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, KO DIO versus wildtype DIO	10 mU insulin/kg + constant infused insulin 5 mU/kg/min + infused 20% glucose	HFD 8–23 weeks old, 16 hours fast	Time course-1.5 hours	GIR enhanced
	Hyperglycemic clamp KO DIO versus wildtype DIO	20% glucose at rates that stabilized blood glucose at 300  mg/dl	HFD 8–23 weeks old, 16 hours fasted	Time course-1.5 hours		Diminished
	KO versus wildtype		24-week SCD	Endpoint	Not change	Not change
	KO versus wildtype		24-week SCD/18 h-fasting	Endpoint	Diminished	Diminished
GHSR	KO versus wildtype		10-week SCD + 40 days on 50% caloric restriction with SCD	Time course every two days	2–28 day diminished		[34]
	KO versus wildtype		14-week SCD +10-week HF + 18 h-fasting	Endpoint	Not change	Not change
	KO versus wildtype		14-week SCD +10-week HF	Endpoint	Not change	Not change
	IP-GTT KO versus wildtype	2 g glucose/kg	SCD, 6 hours-fasting	Time course 2 hours	Not change	Not change	[37]
GHSR	ITT KO versus wildtype	1 U/kg	SCD, 6 hours-fasting	Time course 2 hours	Not change	Not change
	KO versus wildtype		SCD, 6 hours-fasting	Endpoint	Not change	Not change
GHSR	KO versus wildtype		SCD 4–19 weeks old	Endpoint	Diminished	Diminished	[104]
GHSR	KO versus wildtype		SCD 8-week old	Endpoint	Diminished	Diminished	[105]
Ghrelin + GHSR	IP-GTT dKO versus wildtype	2 g glucose/kg	SCD, 6 hours-fasting	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Not change	[37]
	dKO versus wildtype		SCD, 6 hours-fasting	Endpoint	Not change	Not change
	ITT dKO versus wildtype	1 U/kg	SCD, 6 hours-fasting	Time course-2 hours	Not change	Not change