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Author | Species | Ghrelin type | Effective dose | Methods | Results | Mechanism of action |
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De Winter B., [33] | Conscious healthy and LPS septic ileus model (Swiss OFI mice) | () Rat ghrelin (Tocris, UK) | () Ghrelin: 100 g/kg | Assessment of IT by the transit of an Evans blue-marked meal | Ghrelin and GHRP-6, at either dose] had no prokinetic effect on IT in healthy or diseased mice. | |
() GHRP-6 (Bachem, UK) | () GHRP-6: 20 and100 g/kg IP 1h prior to meal | |
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Sallam H., [44] | Conscious scald-burned model (SD male rats) | Ghrelin (Tocris, USA) | 2 nmol/rat given IP 20 min before meal | () Assessment of IT and CT by the transit of a phenol red-marked meal | Ghrelin accelerated IT but had no effect on CT | Ghrelin’s effects on intestinal motility are mediated via the cholinergic pathway |
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Venkova K., [45] | Conscious postop ileus ± morphine-treated rat model (male SD rats) | Ghrelin receptor agonist TZP-101 (Tranzyme Pharma Canada) | 0.3–1 mg /Kg (1ml) IV given 1-2 min before meal | Assessment of IT by the transit of Tc-labelled meal | TZP-101 accelerated IT dose-dependently in postop ileus rats ± morphine | |
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Zheng Q., [47] | Conscious diabetic mouse model (IP-alloxan-treated C57 mice) | GHRP-6 (Tocris, UK) | 200 g/kg given IP prior to meal | Assessment of IT and CT by the transit of a phenol red-marked meal | GHRP-6 accelerated IT, but not CT; an effect blocked by pretreatment with atropine | GHRP-6 effects on intestinal motility involve the cholinergic pathway |
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Charoenthong-trakul S., [32] | Conscious opiate-induced bowel disorder mice model (male lean C57BL/6 mice) | Ghrelin receptor agonist EX-1314 (Elixir Pharma-ceuticals) | 300 g/Kg given PO 5 min prior to meal | Assessment of IT by percentage of distance of charcoal travelled/total length of small intestine | EX-1314 reversed opiate-induced delayed IT | |
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Chen Y., [46] | LPS endotoxemia mouse model (male ICR mice) | Rat ghrelin (Global Peptide Services, UDA) | 20 g/Kg IP given 15 min before meal | () Assessment of IT by the of distance charcoal travelled/total length of small intestine | () Ghrelin normalized endotoxemia-induced delayed IT | Ghrelin’s effect on LPS-delayed IT transit is mediated via the down regulation of NO |
() Assessment of plasma NO production by fluorometry | () Ghrelin reduced plasma NO and iNOS expression in the submucosa and musculosa of the duodenum |
() Assessment of iNos expression by immunohisto-chemistry | |
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Fraser G., [68] | Conscious postop ileus rat model (male SD rats) | () Ghrelin receptor agonist TZP-101 (Tranzyme Pharma, Canada) | 0.3–1 mg /Kg (t.i.d) IV given at 15 min, 2 and 4 h after surgery | Assessment of CT by monitoring the time of appearance and weight of fecal pellet output marked with trypan blue dye | TZP-101 accelerated CT dose-dependently at 12 and 24 h after surgery | |
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Venkova K., [69] | Conscious postop ileus rat model (male SD rats) | () Ghrelin receptor agonist and selective growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin (Albany Molecular Research, Inc., NY) | () Ipamorelin 1 mg /Kg IV one dose or 0.1 repetitive doses | Assessment of CT by monitoring the time of appearance and weight of fecal pellet output marked with trypan blue dye | Ipamorelin and GHRP-6 accelerated CT 48 h after surgery | |
() GHRP-6 (Sigma-Aldrich, MO) | () GHRP-6 20 g/Kg IV bolus given after dosing of 4 doses/ day at 3 h intervals for 2 days after surgery | |
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