Lifecourse Urbanization, Social Demography, and Health Outcomes among a National Cohort of 71,516 Adults in Thailand
Table 3
Housing and travel time among Thai cohort members by lifecourse urbanization.
Housing and travel time
Lifecourse urbanization* (%)
Rural-Rural
Rural-Urban
Urban-Urban
Type of house
Detached or semidetached house
85.1
47.3
53.0
Shop-front or row-house
4.7
10.0
19.0
Town house
2.3
12.7
14.9
Flat, apartment, condominium
5.5
26.9
9.1
Ownership of house
Owned by you and/or partner
14.6
11.7
11.7
Mortgaged
4.0
10.1
8.9
Not own but rent free (living with family)
69.0
39.9
60.9
Rented
6.1
28.7
13.2
Vehicle in the household**
Bicycle
55.2
46.1
47.0
Motorcycle
90.0
78.2
71.8
Car, pick-up, van
52.2
54.9
69.3
No vehicle
2.3
6.9
5.9
Permanent home and working home
41.6
57.4
31.9
Days/month at permanent home
1–3 days/month
22.7
10.2
16.8
4–10 days/month
33.6
43.7
28.7
>10 days/month
43.8
45.9
54.5
Travel time
30 mins
56.4
54.1
46.4
30 mins–1 hour
20.4
23.6
27.2
1 hour
7.1
8.3
13.0
Do not have to travel
16.1
14.0
13.5
Urbanization group based on residence at age 12 and again when responding to the baseline questionnaire in 2005, column percents for each variable by urbanisation group.
**Multiple responses allowed.
