Employment Assimilation of Immigrants in The Netherlands: Dip and Catchup by Source Country
Table 5
Determinants of service and intermediate jobs; multinomial odds ratios, (standard errors), and (marginal effects), men. Determinants of service and intermediate jobs; odds ratios, (standard errors), and (marginal effects), women.
(a)
Service
Intermediate
Mod I
Mod II
Mod III
Mod IV
Mod I
Mod II
Mod III
Mod IV
Age
1.122***
1.201***
1.203***
1.130***
1.042
1.071***
1.072***
1.019
(0.010)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.013)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.011)
[0.022]
[0.033]
[0.034]
[0.027]
[−0.008]
[−0.015]
[−0.015]
[−0.016]
Age-sq
0.999***
0.998***
0.998***
0.999***
0.999***
0.999***
0.999***
1.000
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
YSM
1.030*
1.126***
1.122***
1.113***
1.060***
1.075***
1.073***
1.063***
(0.014)
(0.018)
(0.020)
(0.021)
(0.014)
(0.015)
(0.016)
(0.016)
[−0.001]
[0.017]
[0.016]
[0.016]
[0.009]
[−0.003]
[−0.003]
[−0.004]
YSM-sq
1.000
0.998***
0.998***
0.998***
0.999**
0.999**
0.999**
0.999**
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
[0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
TurkMoroc
0.080***
0.034***
0.037***
0.034***
0.143***
0.145***
0.149***
0.146***
(0.161)
(0.210
(0.240)
(0.243)
(0.147)
(0.157)
(0.178)
(0.180)
[−0.317]
[−0.379]
[−0.374]
[−0.379]
[−0.186]
[−0.155]
[−0.152]
[−0.153]
Caribbean
0.250***
0.093***
0.124***
0.111***
0.264***
0.217***
0.264***
0.251***
(0.160)
(0.213)
(0.244)
(0.250)
(0.156)
(0.165)
(0.198)
(0.202)
[−0.174]
[−0.300]
[−0.273]
[−0.284]
[−0.131]
[−0.107]
[−0.078]
[−0.082]
East-Europ
0.197***
0.035***
0.036***
0.038***
0.311***
0.185***
0.186***
0.199***
(0.180)
(0.236)
(0.297)
(0.299)
(0.166)
(0.175)
(0.225)
(0.227)
[−0.225]
[0.376]
[−0.374]
[−0.373]
[−0.089]
[−0.115]
[−0.115]
[−0.099]
RefugeeCount
0.123***
0.010***
0.003***
0.003***
0.195***
0.120***
0.084***
0.101***
(0.222)
(0.284)
(0.584)
(0.591)
(0.194)
(0.208)
(0.432)
(0.439)
[−0.274]
[−0.414]
[−0.429]
[−0.429]
[−0.152]
[−0.185]
[−0.233]
[−0.206]
Nonwestern
0.192***
0.045***
0.038***
0.040***
0.250***
0.195***
0.168***
0.188***
(0.158)
(0.211)
(0.256)
(0.259)
(0.150)
(0.160)
(0.197)
(0.200)
[−0.218]
[−0.363]
[−0.371]
[−0.371]
[−0.127]
[−0.107]
[−0.133]
[−0.110]
Western
0.416***
0.106***
0.102***
0.104***
0.302***
0.211***
0.208***
0.218***
(0.136)
(0.183)
(0.202)
(0.206)
(0.134)
(0.142)
(0.163)
(0.164)
[−0.072]
[−0.285]
[−0.290]
[−0.289]
[−0.142]
[−0.105]
[−0.105]
[−0.096]
Second Gen
3.264***
10.799***
10.969***
10.576***
3.271***
4.634***
4.619***
4.475***
(0.139)
(0.185)
(0.200)
(0.203)
(0.136)
(0.145)
(0.160)
(0.161)
[0.083]
[0.277]
[0.281]
[0.278]
[0.069]
[−0.111]
[−0.114]
[−0.115]
Caribb*YSM
0.987
0.982
0.989
0.982
(0.013)
(0.013)
(0.010)
(0.010)
[−0.001]
[−0.001]
[−0.001]
[−0.001]
EastEur*YSM
1.001
0.995
1.001
0.995
(0.022)
(0.022)
(0.016)
(0.017)
[0.000]
[−0.000]
[0.000]
[−0.000]
Refug*YSM
1.143**
1.136*
1.039
1.030
(0.051)
(0.052)
(0.041)
(0.042)
[0.026]
[0.026]
[−0.013]
[−0.015]
Non-west*YSM
1.019
1.010
1.013
1.002
(0.017)
(0.017)
(0.013)
(0.013)
[0.002]
[0.002]
[0.000]
[−0.001]
West*YSM
1.012
1.011
1.004
1.002
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.009)
(0.009)
[0.002]
[0.002]
[−0.001]
[−0.001]
Log likelihood
−62734
−48083
−48075
−47748
Pseudo R-sq
0.01
0.24
0.24
0.25
N
59430
59430
59430
59430
(b)
Service
Intermediate
Mod I
Mod II
Mod III
Mod IV
Mod I
Mod II
Mod III
Mod IV
Age
0.935***
0.991
0.991
1.072***
0.974*
0.986
0.985
1.017
(0.011)
(0.014)
(0.014)
(0.015)
(0.011)
(0.012)
(0.012)
(0.013)
[−0.012]
[−0.000]
[0.000]
[0.013]
[0.003]
[−0.002]
[−0.002]
[−0.006]
Age-sq
1.000***
1.000
1.000
0.999**
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
[0.000]
[0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000]
YSM
1.041**
1.078***
1.095***
1.091***
1.060***
1.065***
1.074***
1.072***
(0.015)
(0.020)
(0.023)
(0.024)
(0.015)
(0.016)
(0.019)
(0.020)
[0.002]
[0.008]
[0.010]
[0.009]
[0.008]
[0.004]
[0.004]
[0.004]
YSM-sq
0.999
0.999*
0.999*
0.999
0.999*
0.999*
0.999
0.999
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
(0.000)
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
[−0.000]
TurkMoroc
0.088***
0.117***
0.095***
0.070***
0.101***
0.135***
0.117***
0.095***
(0.184)
(0.248)
(0.289)
(0.296)
(0.182)
(0.201)
(0.234)
(0.242)
[−0.269]
[−0.221]
[−0.239]
[−0.256]
[−0.257]
[−0.249]
[−0.266]
[−0.293]
Caribbean
0.287***
0.183***
0.190***
0.134***
0.229***
0.202***
0.201***
0.152***
(0.165)
(0.224)
(0.251)
(0.254)
(0.171)
(0.187)
(0.212)
(0.218)
[−0.134]
[−0.176]
[−0.171]
[−0.200]
[−0.184]
[−0.196]
[−0.199]
[−0.236]
East-Europ
0.267***
0.069***
0.073***
0.067***
0.225***
0.130***
0.142***
0.133***
(0.163)
(0.221)
(0.268)
(0.271)
(0.168)
(0.180)
(0.219)
(0.224)
[−0.147]
[−0.269]
[−0.267]
[−0.265]
[−0.183]
[−0.244]
[−0.231]
[−0.243]
RefugeeCount
0.450*
0.096***
0.131*
0.092**
0.264***
0.151***
0.133**
0.106***
(0.318)
(0.430)
(0.845)
(0.833)
(0.346)
(0.367)
(0.665)
(0.666)
[−0.055]
[−0.243]
[−0.207]
[−0.234]
[−0.184]
[−0.228]
[−0.255]
[−0.283]
Non-western
0.168***
0.056***
0.059***
0.050***
0.171***
0.127***
0.135***
0.120***
(0.163)
(0.223)
(0.264)
(0.267)
(0.164)
(0.179)
(0.213)
(0.218)
[−0.208]
[−0.284]
[−0.282]
[−0.284]
[−0.207]
[−0.244]
[−0.236]
[−0.253]
Western
0.400***
0.164***
0.157***
0.142***
0.242***
0.164***
0.182***
0.163***
(0.144)
(0.197)
(0.212)
(0.215)
(0.152)
(0.164)
(0.179)
(0.184)
[−0.068]
[−0.180]
[−0.191]
[−0.194]
[−0.194]
[−0.223]
[−0.200]
[−0.220]
Second Gen
3.146***
6.523***
6.785***
6.607***
4.438***
5.996***
5.570***
5.764***
(0.146)
(0.200)
(0.210)
(0.213)
(0.154)
(0.167)
(0.176)
(0.181)
[0.020]
[0.107]
[0.133]
[0.113]
[0.173]
[0.089]
[0.062]
[0.074]
Caribb*YSM
0.982
0.976
0.987
0.982
(0.016)
(0.016)
(0.013)
(0.013)
[−0.002]
[−0.003]
[−0.001]
[−0.001]
EastEur*YSM
0.979
0.972
0.979
0.973
(0.022)
(0.022)
(0.017)
(0.018)
[−0.002]
[−0.002]
[−0.002]
[−0.002]
Refug*YSM
0.960
0.972
0.998
1.001
(0.065)
(0.064)
(0.050)
(0.049)
[−0.009]
[−0.006]
[0.006]
[0.004]
Non-west*YSM
0.981
0.973
0.983
0.972
(0.019)
(0.020)
(0.015)
(0.016)
[−0.002]
[−0.002]
[−0.001]
[−0.003]
West*YSM
0.988
0.984
0.976*
0.973*
(0.014)
(0.015)
(0.012)
(0.012)
[0.001]
[0.001]
[−0.004]
[−0.004]
Log likelihood
−51840
−37874
−37869
−36726
Pseudo R-sq
0.01
0.28
0.28
0.30
N
48161
48161
48161
48161
; **; ***. Models II and III also include dummies for 7 categories of educational achievement. Model IV also includes 3 dummy variables for the presence of children below 11 years and controls for marital status, the degree of urbanisation, and naturalisation of immigrants and working hours.