Assessing Vulnerability to Chronic Undernutrition among Under-Five Children in Egypt: Contextual Determinants of an Individual Consequence

Table 2

Determinants of chronic child undernutrition, Egypt 2008.

Predictors	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Child-level covariates
Age of the child (in months)	0.001		−0.022***	−0.013***	−0.013***
Sex of the child (base: male); female	0.072*		0.236***	0.186***	0.165***
Size of the Child at birth (base: large size); Average size	0.021		−0.203	−0.089	−0.016
Small size	−0.127		−0.405***	−0.313***	−0.325***
Birth order	0.128***		−0.052	−0.028	−0.043
Average birth-spacing	−0.003		−0.002	−0.001	−0.003
Mother-level covariates
Mother’s years since first marriage	−0.053***		0.098***	0.016	0.002
Mother’s age at childbirth	0.024***		−0.122***	−0.009	0.018
Place of delivery of child; (base: home delivery); Institutional delivery	−0.163***		−0.081	0.035	0.032
Mother’s education in years	−0.003		−0.028***	0.002	0.002
Women’s decision-making index	0.114***		0.251***	−0.004	0.166*
Mothers BMI: ≥18.5 (base = 18.5)	0.428*		−0.045	0.220	0.514*
Duration of breastfeeding: (base: less than 6 months); More than 6 months	−0.515***		−0.746***	−0.563***	−0.544***
Composite index of infant and child feeding practices	0.030**		−0.004	−0.011	−0.008
Household-level covariates
Wealth index: (base: poorest quintile); 2nd quintile	−0.256***		−0.790***	−0.069	−0.063
Middle quintile	0.091		0.434	0.046	0.011
4th quintile	0.310***		0.602*	−0.023	0.042*
Richest quintile	0.067		1.596***	−0.015	0.119**
Composite healthcare utilization index (base: poor utilization level); Moderate utilization level	0.125**		0.065	0.090	0.146***
Good utilization level	0.359***		0.035	0.100	0.226***
Community-level covariates
Distance to health facility; (base: facility faraway); health facility nearby	−0.186***		0.256	−0.101	−0.131*
Water source (base: piped water) not piped water Region: Lower Egypt urban (urban governorates: 1)	−0.580***		0.502***	0.080	0.008
	−0.493***		−1.000**	−0.707***
Lower Egypt rural	−0.964***		3.415***	−0.656**
Upper Egypt urban	−0.514***		3.107***	−0.002
Upper Egypt rural	−0.914***		2.738**	−0.505**
Frontier governorates	−0.428***		0.874	−0.464***
Place of residence (base: urban) rural	0.182		−1.210	0.260	0.074
Constant	−0.310		1.926**	0.644	−0.534
N	8505	8505	8505	8505	8505

Note: Dependent variable: height-for-age 𝑧-scores (standardized).
^∗∗∗𝑃<0.01, ^∗∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗𝑃<0.1.