Gender and Reproductive Outcomes: The Effects of a Radio Serial Drama in Northern Nigeria

Table 2

Estimates of the effect of a serial radio drama Ruwan Dare on family planning/reproductive health and gender outcomes in four states in northern Nigeria (Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, and Sokoto), 2009.

	Bivariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Odds ratio	95% CI	Adjusted odds ratio	95% CI
RH outcomes
Knowledge
Do you know a place where you can obtain a method of family planning (FP)?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.39	0.96–2.00		1.17–3.21
Can people reduce their chances of getting the AIDS virus by using a condom every time they have sex?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.26	0.85–1.85		1.05–3.24
Attitude
Is using contraception against the will of Allah/God?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.25	0.85–1.84		1.10–3.36
Couples should space their children at least 2.5 to 3 years apart.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)		1.37–3.00		1.63–5.19
Can becoming pregnant every year put the mother at risk?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.27	0.89–1.83		1.08–3.24
People should plan how many children they will have.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)		1.15–2.46		1.47–4.68
Would you say that you approve or disapprove of couples using a family planning method to avoid getting pregnant?
1 = approve, 0 = disapprove, DK (ref.)		1.13–2.28		1.12–2.93
What age do you think is the most appropriate for a female to start bearing children?
1 = 20 years+, 0 = 10–19 years (ref.)	0.83	0.57–1.22	0.78	0.44–1.37
Would access to contraceptives encourage infidelity?
1 = no, 0 = yes, DK = 0 (ref.)	1.12	0.79–1.58	1.24	0.80–1.92
Intentions
Would you like to have no more children?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.51	0.86–2.64	1.20	0.56–2.57
Do you think you will use a contraceptive method to delay or avoid pregnancy at any time in the future?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.15	0.61–2.17	1.97	0.75–5.19
Behavior
Are you currently doing something or using any method of family planning to delay or avoid getting pregnant?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)		1.56–3.60		1.336–4.41
In the last 3 months have you discussed the practice of family planning with your family, friends, or neighbors?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)		1.45–2.95		1.23–3.26
Gender outcomes
Attitudes and behaviors related to normative beliefs and gender equality
Discussed FP with spouse in the last 3 months.
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)		0.37–2.85		1.17–3.05
Couples should share responsibility for making decisions about family size.
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)		1.17–2.70		1.10–3.87
What do you consider to be the ideal marriage age for a female?
1 = 19 years+, 0 = 18 years and below (ref.)	1.04	0.71–1.50		1.02–2.93
A woman’s value is judged by marriage before her first menses and by the number of children she has.
1 = disagree, 0 = agree (ref.)		0.47–0.96		0.56–1.42
A man is never sterile but a woman can be.
1 = disagree, 0 = agree (ref.)	0.76	0.53–1.08	1.01	0.63–1.63
Girls should be encouraged to continue their education to higher levels.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	1.31	0.87–1.98	1.25	0.64–2.41
Do you think that your husband/partner approves or disapproves of couples using a contraceptive method to avoid pregnancy?
1 = approve, 0 = disapprove, DK (ref.)	1.24	0.73–2.08	1.71	0.81–3.60
Who had the final say in the decision that you would get married to or live with your (first) husband/partner?
1 = jointly, 0 = spouse, respondent, others (ref.)	0.78	0.50–1.21	1.56	0.85–2.86
Women should not be allowed to express their opinion about important family matters.
1 = disagree, 0 = agree (ref.)	0.8	0.56–1.14	1.15	0.70–1.92
A woman should be free to ask her husband to use a condom.
1 = agree, 0 = disagree (ref.)	1.08	0.76–1.53	1.30	0.76–2.23
Attitudes related to economic empowerment
Who in your family usually has the final say on making large household purchases?
1 = jointly, 0 = spouse, respondent, others (ref.)	0.82	0.48–1.40	0.86	0.46–1.61
Who mainly decides how the money you earn will be used?
1 = jointly, 0 = spouse, respondent, others (ref.)	0.95	0.50–1.80	1.27	0.57–2.82
Attitudes related to domestic violence
Do you think a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband if she knows he has a sexually transmitted infection?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)		2.49–7.16		1.41–6.79
Do you think a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband if she knows he has sex with women other than his wives?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)		2.20–5.83		1.46–5.87
Do you think a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband if she is tired or not in the mood?
1 = yes, 0 = no, DK (ref.)	1.25	0.84–1.84		1.01–3.06
Is a husband justified in hitting or beating his wife if she goes out without telling him?
1 = no, 0 = yes, DK (ref.)	0.89	0.52–1.53	0.79	0.39–1.62

Differences between surveys and between listeners and nonlisteners are significant at , , .
^ameans the introduction of the correlates, state, education, and ethnicity turned the effect of drama exposure significant; ^bmeans the introduction of the correlate, education turned the effect of drama exposure significant; ^cmeans the introduction of the correlate, state turned the effect of drama exposure significant; ^dmeans the introduction of the correlate, current marital status turned the effect of drama exposure significant; ^emeans the introduction of the correlate, current marital status turned the effect of drama exposure nonsignificant; ^fmeans the introduction of the correlate, ethnicity turned the effect of drama exposure significant.