Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases

Table 1

Putative biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy discovered in urine proteome analysis.

Protein biomarkers	Up/downregulation	Cohort	Technique	Type of biomarker	Reference
Pancreatic amylase deoxyribonuclease I	↓	Healthy controls () and diabetic patients ()	8-plex iTRAQ	Diagnostic	[80]
CD36	↑	Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with normoalbuminuria () and T2DM with microalbuminuria () and T2DM with macroalbuminuria ()	ELISA	Prognostic	[118]
Podocyte-secreted Angptl4	↑	Diabetic rats	ELISA	diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker	[119]
Gelsolin and antithrombin-III			GeLC-MS/MS	Diagnostic	[120]
Ephrin type-B receptor 4 and vitamin K-dependent protein Z			GeLC-MS/MS	Prognostic	[120]
AMBP, MLL3, and VDAC1			LC-MS/MS	Diagnostic	[121]
Fetuin-A	↑	DN patients ()	Lectin microarray	Prognostic	[122]
Collagen fragments (specially collagen α-1(I) chain)	↓	DN patients ()	CE-MS	Diagnostic	[79]