Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases

Table 3

Putative biomarkers for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis discovered in urine proteome analysis.

Protein biomarkers	Up/downregulation	Cohort	Technique	Type of biomarker	Reference
Collagen IV, cadherin	↓	AD-treated mice () and normal control ()	2DE-MS validated by western blot	Prognostic	[90]
Glutathione S-transferase	↑		2DE-MS validated by western blot	Prognostic	[90]
ADAM32, Cerberus, apoptosis-inducing factor-2, and Annexin A1	↑			Diagnostic	[90]
Tomoregulin	↓			Diagnostic	[90]
Albumin, serotransferrin, alpha-1-antiproteinase, afamin, ceruloplasmin, plasminogen, and AMBP	↑	AD-treated rat ()	LC-MS/MS validated by western blot	Prognostic	[92]
ApoA-Ib	↑	Relapsing group (), nonrelapsing group () for test and relapsing group (), nonrelapsing group () for validation	2DE-MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS validated by western blot	Predictive	[124]
TRFE, A1AT, ApoA-1, ANT3, A1AG1, and Robo4	↑	FSGS (), IgAN (), and healthy control ()	nLC-MS/MS	Diagnostic	[71]
CD59, CD44, IBP7, UROM, GRN, and SAP	↓			Diagnostic	[71]
DPEP1	—			Diagnostic	[71]
Haptoglobin	↓	Mild disease state (), advance disease state ()	nLC-MS/MS	Prognostic	[70]
Ribonuclease 2	↑			Prognostic	[70]
APOA-1	↑	Steroid sensitive FSGS (), steroid resistant FSGS ()	nLC-MS/MS	Predictive	[69]
MXRA8	↓			Predictive	[69]
13.8 kDa A1BG fragment	↑	Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (), steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (), and controls ()	SELDI-TOF-MS	Predictive	[125]