Human Urine Proteomics: Analytical Techniques and Clinical Applications in Renal Diseases

Table 4

Biomarker candidates for MN discovered by urine proteome analysis.

Protein biomarkers	Up/downregulation	Cohort	Technique	Type of biomarker	Reference
VEGF	↓	MN (), minimal change disease (MCD) (), FSGS (), necrotizing glomerulonephritis (), DN (), and healthy control ()	ELISA	Diagnostic	[126]
β2m	↑	iMN ()	ELISA	Prognostic-predictive	[127]
Nephrin	—	Passive Heymann nephritis (), normal rat ()	Western blot	Qualitative diagnostic	[128]
LIMP-2	↑	iMN (), FSGS (), and healthy control ()	iTRAQ and verification with immunofluorescence of glomeruli	Diagnostic	[104]
α1M, URBP	—	Complete remission (CR) (), partial remission (PR) (), limited response (LR) (), and nonresponders (NR) ()	Nephelometry	Predictive	[106]