Energy Management Strategy Implementation for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Genetic Algorithm Tuned Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle Controller

Table 1

Comparison chart for real time optimization algorithms.

Methods	Structural complexity	Computation time	Type of solution	Requirement of a priori knowledge
Particle swarm optimization	No	More	Global	No
Energy consumption minimization strategy	Yes	Small	Local	No
Pontryagin’s minimum principle	No	Small	Local	Yes
Model predictive	No	Small	Global	No
Neural network	Yes	Small	Global	Yes