|
Action mode | Fungicide chemical group | Common name | Nontarget effects |
|
Lipid, sterol, and other membrane components | Lipid | Aromatic hydrocarbons | Dicloran | Mutagen to Salmonella typhimurium [12] |
Etridiazole | Retards nitrification by affecting ammonium oxidizers [13] |
Sterol | Triazoles | Triadimefon | Long-term inhibiting effects on soil bacterial community [7] |
Triticonazole | Increases total number of bacteria in soil [15] |
Cinnamic acid amide | Dimethomorph | Impacts nitrifying and ammonifying bacterial activities in sandy soils [17] |
Triazole | Hexaconazole | Impacts bacterial activities related to N cycling [19] |
Morpholine | Fenpropimorph |
Inhibit general bacterial activity in wetland [16] |
Triazole | Propiconazole |
Tebuconazole | May retard plant-growth-promoting effects of Azospirillum brasilense on its hostplant [20] |
Intracellular membrane components | Hydrochloride | Acriflavine | Thickens peripheral and cross cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus [18] |
|
Amino acid and protein synthesis | | Glucopyranosyl antibiotic | Streptomycin | Inhibits amino acid synthesis in bacteria [3] and is neurotoxic to amphibian [4] |
Tetracycline antibiotic | Oxytetracycline | Also used as bactericide [21] |
|
Signal transduction | | Phenylpyrroles | Fludioxonil | Toxic to algae [22] and potential risk to prokaryotes [23] |
Dicarboximides | Iprodione | Affects signal transduction in bacteria [24] |
Vinclozolin | Inhibits total bacterial growth [25] |
|
Respiration | NADH oxido-reductase (Complex I) inhibitors | Pyrimidinamines | Diflumetorim | Unknown |
Succinate-dehydrogenase (Complex II) inhibitors | Pyridine carboxamides | Boscalid | May affect growth of prokaryotes [26] |
Benzamides | Flutolanil |
Gxathiin carboxamides | Carboxin | Inhibits denitrifying bacterial activity in wetland sediment [16] |
Oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers | 2,6-dinitroanilines | Fluazinam | Have a potential risk to environmental microorganisms [27] |
Dinitrophenyl crotonate | Dinocap | Inhibits ammonifying bacterial activity and stimulate general bacterial respiration in soil [28] |
|
Mitosis and cell division | Inhibitor of spindle microtubules assembly | Methyl benzimidazole carbamate | Benomyl | May affect nitrifying bacteria [29] and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [30] |
Carbendazim | Reduces the diversity of soil bacteria [31] |
Phenylurea | Pencycuron | May affect metabolically activated soil bacteria in short term [32] |
|
Nucleic acids synthesis | RNA polymerase I inhibitors | Acylalanines | Metalaxyl | Affects activities of ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria in soil [33] |
Oxazolidinones | Oxadixyl | Unknown |
Adenosin-deaminase inhibitors | Hydroxypyrimidines | Ethirimol | Unknown |
|
| | Phthalonitrile | Chlorothalonil | Impacts bacterial activities related to N cycling [29] |
Multisite activity | | Dithiocarbamate | Mancozeb | Impacts bacterial activities related to nitrogen cycling [17] and carbon cycling [28] in soils |
| Phthalimide | Captan |
Inhibits denitrifying bacterial activity [16] |
Dithiocarbamate | Thiram |
Anthraquinone | Dithianon | Reduces bacterial diversity in soil [34] |
Copper | Copper sulfate | Reduces the number of bacteria and streptomycetes in sandy soil [35] |
|