A Study of the Hazardous Glare Potential to Aviators from Utility-Scale Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Systems

Table 2

Retinal irradiances.

	Median* [W/cm^2]	Maximum [W/cm^2]
Fixed-tilt p-Si	0.23	0.45
Smooth water	0.13	0.38
Low potential for an after-image <0.10 W/cm^2
Potential for after-image = 0.10 to 12.7 W/cm^2
Potential for retinal burn ≥ 12.7 W/cm^2

* The median is calculated as the median of all hours with direct insolation greater than 0.