Interpretation of Controversial Teratogenic Findings of Drugs Such As Phenobarbital
Table 2
Results of multivariate matched analysis for each case with different CAs and its all (1–3) matched controls using conditional logistic regression model to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of oral phenobarbital treatment during the entire pregnancy and the second and/or third gestational months.
Study groups
Grand total
Second and third months
Entire pregnancy
no.
no.
%
Adjusted OR*
95% CI
no.
%
Adjusted OR*
95% CI
Isolated CAs
Neural-tube defects
1,202
4
0.3
3.9
0.6–23.4
11
0.9
2.3
0.8–6.1
Cleft lip ± palate
1,374
6
0.4
2.3
0.7–7.9
12
0.9
1.8
0.8–4.3
Posterior cleft palate
582
2
0.3
—
—
3
0.5
1.2
0.3–5.5
Intestinal atresia/stenosis
153
1
0.7
—
—
2
1.3
3.9
0.3–46.1
Obstructive urinary CAs
271
0
0.0
—
—
2
0.7
—
—
Hypospadias
3,038
13
0.4
2.3
0.9–5.4
31
1.0
2.6
1.4–4.8
Undescended testis
2,051
6
0.3
1.0
0.3–2.7
16
0.8
1.7
0.8–3.4
Congenital hydrocephaly
314
1
0.3
1.4
0.1–24.9
2
0.6
0.8
0.1–5.2
Ear CAs
354
0
0.0
—
—
3
0.9
4.5
0.4–46.2
Cardiovascular CAs
4,479
4
0.1
0.3
0.1–0.9
16
0.4
0.7
0.4–1.3
Clubfoot
2,424
4
0.2
1.9
0.5–7.9
10
0.4
1.0
0.4–2.3
Limb deficiencies
548
3
0.6
0.8
0.2–3.3
4
0.7
0.9
0.2–3.3
Poly/syndactyly
1,744
8
0.5
2.6
0.9–7.6
12
0.7
1.5
0.7–3.4
Diaphragmatic CAs
243
0
0.0
—
—
4
1.7
2.3
0.5–9.6
Other isolated CAs
2,717
6
0.2
0.9
0.3–2.4
9
0.3
0.5
0.2–1.1
Multiple CAs
1,349
5
0.4
2.5
0.6–9.8
12
0.9
1.6
0.7–3.5
Total case group
22,843
63
0.3
1.3
0.9–1.9
149
0.7
1.3
1.1–1.7
Total control group
38,151
92
0.2
Reference
209
0.6
Reference
Matched OR adjusted for maternal age, birth order, maternal employment status, and high fever-related maternal diseases. Bold numbers show significant associations.
