Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke

Table 1

Characteristics of studies investigating physical activity and stroke risk.

Study	Year	Methodology	Number of participants	Population Characteristics	Followup (years)	Number of stroke events	Relationship between physical activity and stroke
Abott et al. [16]	1994	Prospective cohort	7530	Male (Honolulu Heart Program) 55–68 years	22	537	Inverse association
Agnarsson et al. [17]	1999	Prospective cohort	4484	Male (The Reykjavik Study) 45–80 years	10.6	249	Inverse association
Ellekjær et al. [18]	2000	Prospective cohort	14101	Female (Nord-Trondelag Health Survery) ≥50 years	10	457 stroke deaths	Inverse association
Evenson et al. [19]	1999	Prospective cohort	14575	Male and Female (The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study) 45–64 years	7.2	189	Inverse association
Hu et al. [20]	2000	Prospective cohort	72488	Female (The Nurses’ Health Study) 40–65 years	8	407	Inverse association
Kiely et al. [21]	1994	Prospective cohort	4196	Male and female (The Framingham Study) 28–62 years	32	427	Inverse association
Gillum et al. [22]	1996	Prospective cohort	7895	Male and female (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I) 45–74 years	11.6	623	Inverse association
Haheim et al. [23]	1993	Prospective cohort	14403	Male (Oslo Study) 40–49 years	12	81	Inverse association
Wannamethee and Shaper [24]	1992	Prospective cohort	7735	Male (British Regional Heart Study) 40–59 years	9.5	128	Inverse association
Sacco et al. [25]	1998	Retrospective case control	369 + 678 controls	Male and Female ≥39 years; 1st ever cerebral infarction	—	—	Inverse association
Shinton and Sagar [26]	1993	Retrospective case control	65 + 169 controls	Male and female 35–74 years; 1st ever stroke and no significant comorbidities	—	—	Inverse association
You et al. [27]	1995	Retrospective case control	203 + 203 controls	Male and female 20–85 years; Lacunar infarct	—	—	Inverse association
You et al. [28]	1997	Retrospective case control	201 + 201 controls	Male and female 15–55 years; Cerebral infarct	—	—	Inverse association
Hu et al. [29]	2005	Prospective cohort	47721	Male and female 25–64 years	19	2863	Inverse association
Williams et al. [30]	2009	Prospective cohort	41402	Male and female (National Runners’ Health Study)	7.7	119	Inverse association
Lee et al. [32]	1999	Prospective cohort	21823	Male (Physicians Health Study); 40–84 years	11.1	533 stroke deaths	No clear association
Lee and Paffenbarger Jr. [33]	1998	Prospective cohort	11130	Male (The Harvard Alumni Health Study) 43–88 years	13	378 stroke deaths	U-shaped association
Fossum et al. [34]	2007	Prospective cohort	9193	Male and female Left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension patients (Losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study) 55–80 years	4.8	541 strokes	Inverse association
Lindsted et al. [35]	1991	Prospective cohort	9484	Male (The Seventh Day Adventist Study) ≥30 years	26	410 stroke deaths	No inverse association
Menotti and Seccareccia [36]	1985	Prospective cohort	99029	Male (Italian Railroad Workers Study) 40–59 years	5	187	No clear association
Simonsick et al. [37]	1993	Prospective cohort	4840	Male and female (Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly) ≥65 years	6	—	Inconsistent relationships between physical activity and stroke

Key: — = Data not available.