A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Interventions for Parents' Distress in Pediatric Leukemia

Table 1

Randomized interventions towards reducing stress in parents with a child with leukemia.

Study

N parents

Mean age

Gender

Education level

Type of intervention

PsyMesures

Kazak et al. 1996 [22]

C: 134 I: 152

Not available

F:157 M:129

Middle

PO group: pharmacologic only according APPO protocol. CI group: pharmacologic protocol + preventive, parent-centered psychological intervention

PPQ

PSI-S

Parent & staff ratings of distress

Walker et al. 1996 [25]

C: 32 I: 32

F: 35 M: 37,7

Not reported

Not reported

C group: Standard care. I group: Emotionally Focused Therapy

DAS

MSIS

PSI

Hoekstra-Weeberset al. 1998 [3]

C: 42 I: 39

36.6

F: 41 M: 40

Elementary to university

C group: routine medical and psychosocial care I group: Eight, 90-minute manual-guided interventions based on Psychoeducational, cognitive-behavioural techniques

GHQ

SCL

Stais

Dissup

Emoneg

Emopos

Streisand et al. 2000 [26]

C: 11 I: 11

C: 36.5 I: 37.2

F: 22

Middle to high

C group: Standard care preparation I group: Stress inoculation model

DSI

PSI

SSINT

Kazak et al. 2005 [27]

C: 20 I: 18

Caregivers: 35 Control: 37

F: 20 M: 18

C: low to advanced I: medium to advanced

C group: Usual psychosocial care I group: Surviving Cancer Competently Intervention Program Newly Diagnosed

ASDS

IES-R

STAI

Sahler et al. 2005 [23]

C: 213 I: 217

Not reported

F: 430

High

C group: Usual psychological care I group: Usual psychological care and problem-solving skills training (PSST) programme

NEO-FFI

SPSI-R

POMS

BDI-II

Stehl et al. 2009 [28]

C: 62 I: 62

35

Not reported

<12th grade to College/advanced degree

C group: Standard psychosocial care I group: Surviving Cancer Competently Intervention Program Newly Diagnosed

ASDS

IES-R

STAI

C: control group; I: intervention group; F: females; M: males; PPQ: Perception of Procedures Questionnaire; PSI-S: Parenting Stress Index-Short Form; GHQ: General Health Questionnaire; SCL: Symptom Check List; Stais: state anxiety; Dissup: Dissatisfaction with support; Emoneg: negative emotions; Emopos: positive emotions; DSI: Daily Stress Inventory; PSI: Parenting Stress Index; SSINT: Semi-structured Interview; ASDS: Acute Stress Disorder Scale; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale-Revised; NEO-FFI: NEO-Five Factor Inventory; SPSI-R: Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised; POMS: Profile of Moods States; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II DAS: Dyadic Adjustment Scale; MSIS: Miller Social Intimacy Scale.