The Relationship between Renal Dysfunction and Abnormalities of the Immune System in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis

Table 1

The pathology of renal dysfunction in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

	Pathology
HRS	HRS is classified into two types: type 1 is characterized by a doubling of the serum creatinine level to more than 2.5 mg/dL in less than 2 weeks; type 2 is characterized by a stable or less rapidly progressive course than in type 1.
Hypovolemia-induced renal failure	Renal flow losses because of excessive diuretic therapy or gastrointestinal losses as a result of diarrhea from excessive lactulose administration or gastrointestinal infection. Renal failure occurs soon after the onset of hypovolemia.
Parenchymal renal disease	Acute or chronic parenchymal renal disease should be suspected as a cause of renal failure when proteinuria, hematuria, or both are present and ideally should be confirmed by renal biopsy
Drug-induced renal failure	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics suggest drug-induced renal failure.