Pigtail Catheter Use for Draining Pleural Effusions of Various Etiologies

Table 2

Clinical details of patients with failed pigtail catheter insertion.

Case no.	Clinical details
(1)	60-year-old female with malignant pleural effusion. Pigtail catheter was removed after pleurodesis. Fluid reaccumulated indicating failure of pleurodesis.
(2)	67-year-old male with malignant pleural effusion. Pigtail catheter was removed after pleurodesis. Fluid re-accumulated indicating failure of pleurodesis.
(3)	45-year-old male with tuberculous pleural effusion (loculated). Serial radiography showed persistence of the effusion with failure of the drainage.
(4)	52-year-old female with empyema with loculations. Pigtail catheter was blocked with failure of the drainage. Trial of clearing the catheter using the guide wire failed.
(5)	59-year-old male with empyema with loculations. Serial radiography showed persistence of the effusion with failure of the drainage.
(6)	67-year-old male with empyema with loculations. Pigtail catheter was blocked with failure of the drainage. Trial of clearing the catheter using the guide wire failed.
(7)	58-year-old male with empyema with loculations. Serial radiography showed persistence of the effusion with failure of the drainage.
(8)	67-year-old male with transudative effusion due to hypoproteinemia caused by chronic liver disease. Fluid re-accumulated after removal of the pigtail catheter.
(9)	41-year-old female with transudative effusion due to heart failure. Fluid re-accumulated after removal of the pigtail catheter and it was infected.