Imaging Evaluation of Dogs and Cats with Dysphagia

Table 2

Mean time in seconds (±standard deviation) measured from the onset of swallowing (closure of the epiglottis) in 11 healthy dogs [7].

Action	Liquid	Kibble
Maximum pharyngeal contraction	0.15 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.02
Upper esophageal sphincter opening	0.09 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.03
Upper esophageal sphincter closure	0.26 ± 0.05	0.33 ± 0.06
Epiglottic reopening	0.28 ± 0.03	0.30 ± 0.02