Using electromechanical models of dyssynchronous heart failure to optimize CRT response. (a) Transmural short-axis EMD maps during left bundle branch block (LBBB). (b) Map of the percentage increase in dP/dtmax as a function of the LV pacing site. Red dots denote LV pacing sites. (c) Correlation of longitudinal distance between LV pacing site and region with longest EMD, and percentage increase in dP/dtmax. (d) Bar graph of stroke work (left), total ventricular energy consumption (middle), and myocardial efficiency (right) during LBBB and following CRT. Values are normalized to LBBB (baseline) values. (e) Distribution of ATP consumption during LBBB and following CRT. Figure modified from [54].
