Mixed Convection Heat Transfer for Nanofluids in a Lid-Driven Shallow Rectangular Cavity Uniformly Heated and Cooled from the Vertical Sides: The Cooperative Case

Figure 4

Streamlines (left) and isotherms (right) for 𝐴=8, Re=10 and various values of Φ ((a) Φ=0, (b) Φ=0.1, and (c) Φ=0.2) and Ri ((1)  Ri=10, (2)  Ri=10², and (3)  Ri=10³).