Price Elasticities of Charitable Giving across Donation Sectors in Canada: Is the Tax Incentive Effective?
Table 4
Average marginal effects for total donation expenditures and by sector.
Variable
Total donation
Religion
Health
Social services
International
Price of donation
−1.677** (0.187)
−0.814** (0.332)
−1.490** (0.170)
−1.710** (0.249)
−2.205** (0.504)
Age1
0.636** (0.049)
0.551** (0.097)
0.375** (0.046)
0.491** (0.007)
0.511** (0.145)
Age2
1.183** (0.056)
1.088** (0.122)
0.761** (0.053)
0.809** (0.080)
0.629** (0.174)
High education
0.421** (0.044)
0.173* (0.086)
0.291** (0.039)
0.243** (0.054)
0.294 (0.163)
Income 1
0.193** (0.051)
0.200* (0.087)
0.218** (0.046)
0.046 (0.060)
0.171 (0.139)
Income 2
0.591** (0.054)
0.225* (0.097)
0.608** (0.054)
0.382** (0.075)
0.301 (0.164)
Religious attendance
0.066** (0.012)
0.037** (0.004)
0.054** (0.008)
0.062** (0.011)
0.069 (0.014)
Employed
0.117** (0.013)
0.028** (0.004)
0.079** (0.009)
0.079** (0.012)
0.083** (0.017)
Married
0.149** (0.043)
0.091 (0.081)
−0.001 (0.039)
−0.170** (0.056)
0.155 (0.120)
Canadian born
−0.071 (0.058)
−0.080 (0.087)
0.146** (0.048)
0.026 (0.069)
−0.277** (0.114)
Male
−0.108** (0.039)
0.009 (0.071)
−0.110** (0.036)
−0.064 (0.051)
0.013 (0.123)
Volunteer
0.208** (0.008)
0.061** (0.003)
0.128** (0.006)
0.142** (0.008)
0.183** (0.012)
Preschool children
0.154** (0.063)
0.114 (0.104)
−0.051 (0.052)
0.158* (0.075)
0.281* (0.148)
School age children
−0.124** (0.045)
−0.094 (0.077)
−0.220** (0.041)
−0.141** (0.056)
−0.471** (0.127)
Quebec
−0.676** (0.049)
−1.456** (0.082)
−0.557** (0.048)
−0.414** (0.063)
−0.489** (0.168)
Atlantic
−0.107* (0.052)
−0.159 (0.088)
−0.381** (0.045)
−0.143* (0.062)
−0.084 (0.186)
Prairies
0.105* (0.055)
0.245** (0.094)
−0.093* (0.046)
0.260** (0.068)
0.412** (0.145)
British Columbia
0.197** (0.065)
0.528** (0.117)
0.114* (0.058)
0.584** (0.080)
0.480** (0.145)
Wald statistic
173.03
0.443
61.74
36.31
2.72
Rho
−0.606 (0.034)
−0.094 (0.142)
−0.432 (0.048)
−0.363 (0.055)
−0.221 (0.129)
(1) Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. (2) **indicates the level of significance at less than 0.05 and *indicates the level of significance at less than 0.1 level. (3) The estimates of the Heckman sample selection model are significantly superior to those of the standard tobit model (at 0.05 levels) for all equations except religion and international donation expenditures, as demonstrated by the Rho statistics. Accordingly, religion and International equations are estimated with a tobit model.
