Research Article
Pregnancy-Related Maternal Risk Factors of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case-Control Study
Table 2
Frequency distribution (percent) of pregnancy-related factors among case and control groups.
| Variables | Group | Yes | No | OR (95% CI) | Fisherβs exact test | value |
| Somatic disease | ADHD | 21 (12.8%) | 143 (87.2%) | 3.91 (1.5β9.9) | | 0.002 | Control | 6 (3.7%) | 160 (96.4%) |
| Psychiatric disorder | ADHD | 27 (16.5%) | 137 (83.5%) | 16.1 (3.7β69.1) | | 0.001 | Control | 2 (1.2%) | 164 (98.8%) |
| Alcohol and cigarette exposure | ADHD | 15 (9.1%) | 149 (90.9%) | 4.1 (1.3β12.5) | | 0.009 | Control | 4 (2.4%) | 162 (97.6%) |
| Cesarean section | ADHD | 103 (62.8%) | 61 (37.2%) | 3.0 (1.9β4.7) | | 0.001 | Control | 59 (35.5%) | 107 (64.5%) |
| Trauma to the abdomen | ADHD | 8 (4.9%) | 156 (95.1%) | | | 0.14 | Control | 3 (1.8%) | 163 (98.2%) |
| X-ray exposure | ADHD | 3 (1.8%) | 161 (98.2%) | | | 0.37 | Control | 1 (0.06%) | 165 (99.4%) |
| Infections | ADHD | 3 (1.8%) | 161 (98.2%) | | | 1.000 | Control | 4 (2.4%) | 162 (97.6%) |
| Dysentery | ADHD | 0 (0%) | 164 (100%) | | | 0.12 | Control | 4 (2.4%) | 162 (97.6%) |
| Bleeding | ADHD | 6 (3.7%) | 158 (96.3%) | | | 0.54 | Control | 4 (2.4%) | 162 (97.6%) |
| Preeclampsia | ADHD | 6 (3.7%) | 158 (96.3%) | | | 0.78 | Control | 8 (4.9%) | 158 (96.3%) |
| Unwanted pregnancy | ADHD | 25 (15.2%) | 139 (83.7%) | | | 0.88 | Control | 27 (16.3%) | 139 (83.7%) |
| Attempted abortion | ADHD | 3 (1.8%) | 161 (98.2%) | | | 0.33 | Control | 7 (4.2%) | 159 (95.8%) |
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