Hesperidin Ameliorates Immobilization-Stress-Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Alterations and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice by Modulating Nitrergic Pathway

Table 1

Effects of Hesperidin on immobilization-stress-induced altered oxidative and biochemical parameters in mice (percentage of naïve in parentheses).

Treatment	Reduced GSH; (μ mole GSH/mg pr)	LPO; (n moles of MDA/mg pr)	Catalase; (μ mole of H2O2/min/mg pr)	Nitrite (μg/mL)
Naïve	0.094 ± 0.004 (100)	0.120 ± 0.003 (100)	0.806 ± 0.005 (100)	261.3 ± 9.4 (100)
Control (IS)	0.014 ± 0.004 (14.89)^a	0.634 ± 0.004 (674.46)^a	0.141 ± 0.01 (17.49)^a	686.4 ± 21.5 (262.68)^a
Hes-50	0.038 ± 0.003 (40.42)^b	0.462 ± 0.004 (491.48)^b	0.421 ± 0.002 (52.23)^b	425.8 ± 15.2 (162.95)^b
Hes-100	0.061 ± 0.004 (64.89)^b, c, e	0.243 ± 0.006 (258.51)^b, c, e	0.502 ± 0.001 (62.28)^b, c, e	341.6 ± 19.4 (130.73)^b, c, e
L-Arginine (50)	0.013 ± 0.005 (13.82)^a	0.619 ± 0.007 (658.51)^a	0.125 ± 0.003 (15.51)^a	694.9 ± 16.2 (265.93)^a
L-NAME (5)	0.095 ± 0.002 (101.06)^b, c, d, e	0.129 ± 0.001 (137.23)^b, c, d, e	0.785 ± 0.001 (97.39)^b, c, d, e	260.51 ± 17.5 (119.59)^b, c, d, e
L-Arginine (50) + Hes (50)	0.016 ± 0.003 (17.02) ^a	0.597 ± 0.003 (635.10)^a	0.135 ± 0.005 (16.75)^a	668.2 ± 23.2 (255.72)^a
L-Arginine (50) + Hes (100)	0.019 ± 0.004 (20.21)^a	0.588 ± 0.006 (625.53)^a	0.142 ± 0.003 (17.62)^a	657.6 ± 15.5 (251.66)^a
L-NAME (5) + Hes (50)	0.096 ± 0.003 (102.12)^b, c, d, e	0.120 ± 0.004 (127.6)^b, c, d, e	0.795 ± 0.004 (98.64)^b, c, d, e	294.8 ± 14.4 (112.82)^b, c, d, e
L-NAME (5) + Hes (100)	0.108 ± 0.005 (114.89)^b, c, d, e	0.109 ± 0.004 (115.9)^b, c, d, e	0.816 ± 0.003 (101.24)^b, c, d, e, f	272.2 ± 19.5 (104.17)^b, c, d, e

IS: immobilization stress, Hes: Hesperidin, and pr: protein, all the values are expressed as mean ± SEM. ^a𝑃<0.05 compared to naïve, ^b𝑃<0.05 compared to control (IS), ^c𝑃<0.001 compared to Hesperidin (50), ^d𝑃<0.05 compared to Hesperidin-100, and ^e𝑃<0.05 compared to L-arginine (50).