Research Article
Elemental Studies of Soil and Food Flour for Risk Assessment of Highway Pollution Using Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) Spectrometry
Table 4
Comparison of the concentrations of the analyzed elements in the soils with their standard permissible levels.
| | Element (μg/g) | This study | Excessive level [29] | Tolerable limits [30] | Geochemical baseline [23] (minimum value) | PI value | value | EF value |
| | S | 1472.0 | N.A | N.A | 50.0 | 29.4 | 5.9 | 3.51 | | Cl | 1660.9 | N.A | N.A | N.A | — | — | 7.93 | | K | 8622.2 | N.A | N.A | 260.0 | 33.2 | 6.7 | 2.55 | | Ca | 9876.1 | N.A | N.A | 260.0 | 38.0 | 7.6 | 0.150 | | Ti | 2079.0 | N.A | N.A | 210.0 | 9.9 | 2.0 | 0.230 | | V | 51.4 | N.A | 100.0 | 2.7 | 19.0 | 3.8 | 0.200 | | Cr | 193.3 | 5.0–50.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 64.4 | 12.9 | 1.20 | | Mn | 379.1 | 1500.0 | N.A | 40.0 | 10.0 | 1.9 | 0.248 | | Fe | 23708.4 | N.A | N.A | 700.0 | 33.9 | 6.8 | 0.359 | | Zn | 568.1 | N.A | 100.0 | 3.0 | 189.4 | 38.0 | 3.13 | | Zr | 306.2 | N.A | N.A | 5.00 | 61.2 | 12.9 | 1.00 |
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*N.A: not available.
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