Vocal Communication in Androgynous Territorial Defense by Migratory Birds

Table 1

Nonbreeding vocalizations in five families of Nearctic-Neotropical migrant passerines^a.

Family/species	Social behavior	Vocalization	Song, bark, or growl^b
Tyrannidae
Contopus borealis	Territorial	whip-whip-whip	Song
C. sordidulus	Territorial	preer	Song
C. virens	Territorial	pweee’	Song
Empidonax  flaviventris	Territorial	pweet	Bark
E. virescens	Territorial	whees	Bark
E. alnorum	Territorial	peet	Bark
E. trailii	Territorial	whip	Bark
E. minimus	Territorial	pwit	Bark
E. hammondii	Territorial	peek	Bark
E oberholseri	Territorial	wit	Bark
E. wrightii	Territorial	wit!	Bark
Sayornis phoebe	Territorial	chip!	Bark
S. sayi	Territorial	pee-ee	Song
Myiarchus crinitus	Territorial	weeep	Song
Tyrannus vociferans	Flocking	chip-eer’	Bark^c
T. verticalis	Flocking	whit	Bark
T. tyrannus	Flocking	keer	Bark
T. forficatus	Flocking	kip	Bark
Turdidae
Catharus fuscescens	Territorial (?)	pwick	Bark
C. minimus	Territorial	peew	Bark
C. bicknelli	Territorial	beer	Bark^d
C. ustulatus	Territorial (?)	quirt	Bark
C. guttatus	Territorial	chuck	Bark
Hylocichla mustelina	Territorial	putt-putt-putt	Barks
Vireonidae
Vireo griseus	Territorial	chip chip chareechick	Song
V. bellii	Territorial	cha cha cha, and so forth.	Growls
V. atricapillus	Territorial	?	?
V. vicinior	Territorial	cha-cha-cha-chrr chrr	Growl/song
V. solitarius	Territorial	cha-cha-cha-chrr chrr	Growls
V. flavifrons	Territorial	che-che-che-che cha cha	Growls/song
V. gilvus	Flocking	eeah	Growl
V. philadelphicus	Flocking	ehhh	Growl
V. olivaceus	Flocking	nyaah	Growl
Parulidae
Vermivora pinus	Territorial	chip, bzzt-bzzt-bzzt	Barks
V. chrysoptera	Territorial	chip, bzzt-bzzt-bzzt	Barks
V. peregrina	Flock/territory	chip/zzrt	Bark/growl
V. celata	Territorial	chip	Bark
V. ruficapilla	Territorial	chip	Bark
Parula americana	Flocking	chip	Bark
Dendroica petechia	Territorial	chip..chip..chip, and so forth.	Bark
D. pensylvanica	Territorial	chup	Bark
D. magnolia	Territorial	quince	Bark
D. tigrina	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. caerulescens	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. coronata	Flocking	chup	Bark
D. virens	Flocking	chip	Bark
D. chrysoparia	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. fusca	Flocking	chip	Bark
D. dominica	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. pinus	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. kirtlandii	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. discolor	Territorial	chip	Bark
D. palmarum	Territorial	chit	Bark
D. castanea	Flock/Territory	chip	Bark
D. striata	Flock/Territory	chip	Bark
D. cerulea	Territorial	chip	Bark
Mniotilta varia	Territorial	buzzy chips	Barks
Setophaga ruticilla	Territorial	chip	Bark
Protonotaria citrea	Flocking	chip	Bark
Helmitheros vermivorus	Territorial	chip	Bark
limnothlypis swainsonii	Territorial	chip	Bark
Seiurus aurocapillus	Overlapping	chit	Bark
S. noveboracensis	Territorial	chinki	Bark
S. motacilla	Territorial	chink	Bark
Oporornis formosus	Territorial	chip, chup, chink	Bark
O. agilis	Territorial	chip	Bark
O. philadelphia	Territorial	chunk	Bark
O. tolmei	Territorial	chunk	Bark
Geothlypis trichas	Territorial	chup	Bark
Wilsonia citrina	Territorial	chink	Bark
W. pusilla	Territorial	chick	Bark
W. canadensis	Territorial	chip	Bark
Thraupidae
Piranga rubra	Territorial	kitticut	Bark
P. olivacea	Flocking	nonvocal	Mostly quiet^d

^aData for both sexes, collected by authors unless otherwise noted.
^bSee text for description of these vocal categories.
^cI. Bisson, pers. com.
^dJ. Townsend, pers. com.
^eR. Greenberg and J. Ahern, pers. com.