Application of Different Analytical Techniques and Microbiological Assays for the Analysis of Macrolide Antibiotics from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biological Matrices

Table 1

Summary of chromatographic conditions for the analysis of some macrolide antibiotics from bulk powder and different formulations in official monographs and literatures. Summary of chromatographic conditions for the analysis of some macrolide antibiotics from bulk powder and different formulations in official monographs and literatures.

(a)

Analyte	Stationary phase/column temp (^∘C)	Mobile phase/flow rate	Detection	Reference
Erythromycin lactobionate (i.v) and erythromycin tablet	4.6 mm × 25 cm, 8–10 μm, L21/70	3.5% K2HPO4 (pH = 9): H2O : 2-methyl propanol : acetonitrile (50 : 755 : 165 : 30)/1 mL/min	UV-Vis at 215 nm	[40]
Erythromycin raw; material	4.6 mm × 25 cm, L21/70	0.2 M  K2HPO4 (pH = 9) : H2O : tertiarybutyl alcohol : acetonitrile (50 : 755 : 165 : 30)/2 mL/min	UV-Vis at 215 nm
Clarithromycin (raw material and tablet)	4.6 mm × 15 cm, L1/50	CH 3 OH : .067 M KH2PO4 (pH = 4) (65 : 35)/1 mL/min	UV-Vis at 210 nm	[16]
Clarithromycin (oral suspension)	4.6 mm × 15 cm, L1/50	CH3OH : .067 M KH2PO4 (pH = 4) (60 : 40)/1mL/min	UV-Vis at 210 nm
Azithromycin (raw material, capsule )	4.6 mm × 15 cm, L29	0.02 M KH2PO4: CH3CN (pH = 11.0 ± 0.1); (2130 + 870)/1.5 mL/min	Amperometrically
Dirithromycin (raw and delayed release tablet)	4.6 mm × 25 cm, 5 𝜇m,; L21/40	CH3CN : Potassium phosphate buffer : CH3OH (44 : 37 : 19)/2 mL/min	UV-Vis at 205 nm
Tylosin	4.6 mm × 20 cm, 5 𝜇m, L21	2 M sodium per chlorate (pH = 2.5 ± 0.1) :  CH3CN; (60 : 40)/0.7 mL/min	UV-Vis at 280 nm

(b)

Analyte(s)	Stationary phase/column temp (^∘C)	Mobile phase/flow rate (mL/min)	Detection	Reference
Josamycin, kitasamycin, mirosamicin, spiramycin and tylosin	5C18 column (150 × 4.6; mm I.D.)/ambient	Gradient; A: 0.025 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5); B: acetonitrile	287 for tylosin and 232 nm for the rest	[28]
Roxithromycin	Lichrospher RP; (125 × 4.6 mm, 5 𝜇m)/40	0.05.m potassium dihydrogen phosphate : Acetonitrile,; (30 : 70), l pH 7/2 mL/min	Fluoresce; 𝜆 ex 255 and 𝜆 em 315	[32]
Azithromycin; (in bulk powder, tablet, capsule and in vitro dissolution test)	C18 (150  ×  3.9 mm, 4 𝜇m)/ambient	0.05 M ammonium; acetate : acetonitrile : methanol : tetrahydrofuran (60 : 27 : 25 : 2.5)/; 1 mL/min	Amperometrically	[33]
	LiChroCART RP; (125 × 4.6 mm, 5 𝜇m)/ambient	Buffer : acetonitrile : methanol (60 :  20 : 20), pH 8/1 mL/min	UV-Vis at 215 nm	[34]
	C18; (150 mm  × 2.1 mm, 5 𝜇m)/ambient	20 mM ammonium acetate (pH 5.2) : acetonitrile : methanol (50 : 40 : 10)/0.2 mL/min	Ms detection	[35]