Primary Prevention of Heart Failure

Table 1

Independent risk factors for incident heart failure.

Reference	Risk factors
Eriksson et al. [26]	Hypertension, smoking, weight, heart size, T-wave abnormality, heart rate variability, peak expiratory flow rate, and psychological stress
Chen et al. [27]	Gender, age, diabetes, pulse pressure, and body mass index
Kannel et al. [28]	Age, blood pressure, LVH, vital capacity, heart rate, CHD, murmurs, diabetes, cardiomegaly, and body mass index
Gottdiener et al. [25]	Age, gender, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, blood pressure, FEV1, creatinine, C reactive protein, ankle arm index, atrial fibrillation, LVH, abnormal ejection fraction, and ECG- ST-T abnormality
He et al. [6]	Gender, education, physical activity, smoking, weight, hypertension, diabetes, valvular disease, and CHD
Wilhelmsen et al. [31]	Age, family history of infarction, diabetes, history of chest pain, smoking, coffee consumption, alcohol abuse, bloods pressure, and body mass index
Bibbins-Domingo et al. [32]	Diabetes, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, creatinine clearance, blood pressure, smoking, body mass index, left bundle branch block, and LVH
Carr et al. [33]	Age, history of myocardial infarction, vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, alcohol abuse, Cornell product, and body mass index
Butler et al. [34]	Age, coronary heart disease, smoking, blood pressure, heart rate, serum creatinine, fasting glucose, albumin level, and left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram

CHD: coronary heart disease; ECG: electrocardiogram; EPESE: established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; LIFE: losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; RENAAL: reduction of endpoints in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus with the Angiotensin II antagonist Losartan.