Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Cigarette Smoke and Offspring Risk of Excess Weight Is Independent of Both Birth Weight and Catch-Up Growth
Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of children included in the analysis by overweight or obesity status at age 10 ().
Cycle collected
Overweight or obese children ()
Normal weight children ()
(%)
(%)
Birth and Early Life
5 months
PEMCS
No
209 (68.5%)
692 (78.8%)*
Yes
96 (31.5%)
186 (21.2%)
Medical records
Birth weight
>4 kg
45 (14.9%)
91 (10.3%)
≤2.5 kg and ≤4 kg
249 (81.8%)
762 (86.8%)
<2.5 kg
11 (3.3%)
25 (2.9%)
Medical records
Premature birth (<37 weeks)
No
285 (93.4%)
846 (96.4%)*
Yes
20 (6.6%)
32 (3.6%)
Medical records
APGAR score
Other
265 (87.0%)
809 (92.1%)*
High risk (0–6)
40 (13.0%)
69 (7.9%)
Medical records
Birth rank
First
126 (41.4%)
407 (46.3%)
Second
130 (42.7%)
333 (37.9%)
≥Third
48 (15.9%)
139 (15.8%)
Medical records
Sex
Female
160 (52.3%)
467 (53.2%)
Male
145 (47.7%)
411 (46.8%)
5 months
Catch-up growth
1st tertile
101 (33.1%)
316 (36.0%)
2nd tertile
101 (33.1%)
310 (35.3%)
3rd tertile
103 (33.8%)
252 (28.7%)
5 months
Chronic disease
No
261 (85.4%)
751 (85.6%)
Yes
44 (14.6%)
127 (14.4%)
17 months
Duration of breastfeeding (exclusive)
≥3 months
86 (28.2%)
234 (26.7%)
Other
133 (43.7%)
421 (47.9%)
Never
86 (28.1%)
223 (25.4%)
Maternal
5 months
Age at child’s birth (years)
≤29
60 (19.5%)
185 (21.1%)
30–34
92 (30.2%)
285 (32.5%)
35–39
108 (35.4%)
288 (32.8%)
≥40
45 (14.9%)
120 (13.6%)
10 years
Level of education
≥Secondary school diploma
270 (88.4%)
786 (89.5%)
<Secondary school diploma
35 (11.6%)
92 (10.5%)
10 years
Immigrant Status
Nonimmigrant
279 (91.4%)
818 (93.2%)
Immigrant
26 (8.6%)
60 (6.8%)
10 years
Postnatal smoking habits
Non-smoker
229 (75.1%)
751 (85.6%)*
Smoker
76 (24.9%)
127 (14.4%)
17 months
Weight status
Normal weight
163 (53.4%)
666 (75.8%)*
Overweight/obese
142 (46.6%)
212 (24.2%)
Child Behaviour and Lifestyle
4 years
Energy intake (Quintiles)
Other (1–4)
218 (71.4%)
743 (84.6%)*
High (5)
87 (28.6%)
135 (15.4%)
6 years
Physical activity (compared to other children)
Same
214 (70.1%)
576 (65.6%)
Higher/much higher
91 (29.9%)
302 (34.4%)
6 years
Sedentary behaviour (≥3 hours of television/day)
No
285 (93.4%)
822 (93.7%)
Yes
20 (6.6%)
56 (6.3%)
Demographic and Socioeconomic
10 years
Household income ($)
<30,000
34 (11.3%)
61 (7.0%)*
30,000–49,999
98 (32.2%)
215 (24.5%)
50,000–79,999
95 (31.2%)
318 (36.2%)
≥80,000
77 (25.3%)
284 (32.3%)
10 years
Family type
Two parent
214 (70.2%)
694 (79.1%)*
Single-parent
91 (29.8%)
184 (20.9%)
10 years
Geographical living area
Rural
103 (33.9%)
319 (36.3%)
Urban
202 (6.1%)
559 (3.7%)
*
Denotes a statistically significant difference of covariate proportion between overweight and nonoverweight participants (). A crude scale (0–10) of assessing a baby’s health immediately after birth, by scoring points for heart rate, breathing, skin colour, tone, and the baby’s reactions. Excludes allergies but includes asthma. Source: Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD) 1998–2010, Québec Institute of Statistics.
