Parent and Peer Influence on Recreational Use of Pain Medication: Are Their Influences Similar to That of Marijuana Use?

Table 4

Standardized coefficients for path models for OTC pain medication, prescription pain medication, and marijuana.

Variables	Analysis
	OTC	Prescription	Marijuana
DV: risk perception
Parent disapproval	0.070	0.183*	0.162*
Peer disapproval	0.516*	0.425*	0.493*
DV: lifetime misuse, zero versus nonzero
Parent disapproval	0.032	0.011	−0.131*/0.282^*†
Peer disapproval	−0.401*	−0.424*	−0.356*
Risk perception	−0.221*	−0.188*	−0.409*
DV: lifetime misuse, amount
Parent disapproval	−0.040	0.286*	0.037
Peer disapproval	0.286	−0.355	−0.262*
Risk perception	−0.271	−0.100	−0.454*

Each column has results for a separate path model. Lifetime misuse, zero versus nonzero, is a dichotomous variable, so the part of the model predicting this variable in each analysis is a logistic regression model.
DV: dependent variables; OTC: over the counter.
* 𝑃<.05.
^†This path differed significantly for respondents depending on whether they reported zero OTC or prescription pain medication misuse (first value) versus nonzero use (second value).