Electrical Conduction in (Na_0.5Bi_0.5)_1−𝑥Ba_𝑥TiO₃(0≤𝑥≤1) Ceramic by Complex Impedance/Modulus Spectroscopy

Table 3

ac/dc conductivity-based activation energy for different compositions in the low and high temperature ranges.

Composition	ac activation energy (eV) in low temp. region (35°C–300°C)	ac activation energy (eV) in high temp. region (325°C–450°C)	dc activation energy (eV) in high temp. region (350°C–450°C)
BNT	0.148	0.144	1.416
0.98BNT-0.02BT	0.164	0.114	1.011
0.96BNT-0.04BT	0.015	0.158	0.539
0.95BNT-0.05BT	0.112	0.138	1.447
0.94BNT-0.06BT	0.140	0.316	0.771
0.92BNT-0.08BT	0.047	0.169	1.304
0.90BNT-0.10BT	0.072	0.477	0.783