Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Outcomes in Southern Italian Pregnant Women
Table 2
(a) Outcomes in women <35 years old, without risk factors for GDM. (b) Outcomes in newborns of women <35 years old, without risk factors for GDM.
(a)
Outcome
GDM ()
No GDM ()
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)a
valuea
Power (%)
Primary cesarean section, (%)
51 (29.8)
56 (15.3)
2.36 (1.53–3.64)
<0.001
1.92 (1.21–3.06)
0.006
>95
Secondary cesarean section, (%)
19 (11.1)
12 (3.7)
3.97 (1.80–8.77)
0.001
5.05 (2.11–12.08)
<0.001
85.3
Cesarean section after labor, (%)
3 (1.8)
10 (2.7)
0.64 (0.17–2.35)
0.498
0.55 (0.14–2.21)
0.401
9.6
Labor induction, (%)
2 (1.2)
1 (0.3)
4.33 (0.39–48.10)
0.233
3.85 (0.28–53.29)
0.314
13.6
Gestosis manifestations, (%)
12 (7.0)
11 (3.0)
2.44 (1.05–5.65)
0.037
2.03 (0.83–4.97)
0.120
48.7
Hypertension, (%)
7 (4.1)
6 (1.6)
2.57 (0.85–7.76)
0.095
1.73 (0.70–7.16)
0.173
33.5
Preeclampsia, (%)
5 (2.9)
5 (1.4)
2.18 (0.62–7.63)
0.223
1.70 (0.44–6.65)
0.443
18.2
Fetal distress, (%)
5 (2.9)
10 (2.7)
1.07 (0.36–3.20)
0.896
0.91 (0.28–3.00)
0.879
8
Polyhydramnios, (%)
8 (4.7)
4 (1.1)
4.45 (1.32–15.0)
0.016
4.48 (1.20–16.73)
0.025
58.8
Oligohydramnios, (%)
4 (2.4)
3 (0.8)
2.91 (0.64–13.13)
0.166
1.65 (0.32–8.51)
0.549
28.6
Preterm delivery, (%)
14 (8.2)
13 (3.5)
2.43 (1.11–5.29)
0.025
1.94 (0.84–4.48)
0.118
52.4
Breech presentation, (%)
18 (10.5)
31 (8.4)
1.23 (0.67–2.26)
0.502
1.24 (0.65–2.21)
0.563
9.9
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
aValues were adjusted for maternal age, pregravidic BMI, and parity. Power has been post hoc calculated with G*Power 3.1, entering -squared multiple correlation coefficient obtained with regression for each trait.
(b)
Outcome
GDM ()
No GDM ()
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
Power (%)
Birth weight (Kg), mean ± SD (median)
(3.3)
(3.1)
—
0.002a
—
<0.001b
>95
Serious perinatal complications, (%)
20 (11.7)
32 (8.7)
1.47 (0.82–2.63)
0.199
1.24 (0.66–2.33) c
0.497c
17.3
Dystocia, (%)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.3)
—
—
—
—
—
Bone fracture, (%)
2 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
—
—
—
—
—
Admission to NICU, (%)
11 (6.4)
6 (1.6)
4.14 (1.50–11.38)
0.006
4.39 (1.44–13.37)d
0.009d
68.6
RDS, (%)
3 (1.8)
2 (0.5)
3.26 (0.54–19.69)
0.198
2.66 (0.41–17.44)e
0.307e
26.4
TTN, (%)
4 (2.4)
3 (0.8)
2.91 (0.64–13.13)
0.166
1.89 (0.33–10.70)e
0.472e
27.9
Macrosomy (≥4 Kg), (%)
2 (1.2)
6 (1.6)
1.44 (0.24–8.67)
0.693
0.48 (0.86–2.70)c
0.481c
28.6
LGA, (%)
15 (8.8)
7 (1.9)
4.94 (1.98–12.37)
<0.001
3.53 (1.34–9.34)c
0.011c
85.6
SGA, (%)
5 (2.9)
6 (1.6)
1.81 (0.54–6.02)
0.332
1.98 (0.53–7.41)c
0.312c
16.6
Metabolic complications, (%)
9 (5.3)
7 (1.9)
2.86 (1.05–7.80)
0.041
2.32 (0.76–7.06)c
0.137c
46.6
Hypoglycaemia, (%)
1 (0.6)
0 (0.0)
—
—
—
—
—
Hyperbilirubinemia, (%)
4 (2.4)
3 (0.8)
2.91 (0.64–13.13)
0.166
1.19 (0.24–5.84)c
0.826c
28.5
Hypocalcemia, (%)
2 (1.2)
2 (0.5)
2.16 (0.30–15.46)
0.443
5.28 (0.67–41.37)c
0.113c
15.4
Polycythemia, (%)
2 (1.2)
2 (0.5)
2.16 (0.30–15.46)
0.443
2.19 (0.26–18.69)c
0.474c
15.4
Calculated with Mann-Whitney test. bCalculated by linear regression analysis after adjustment for maternal age, pregravidic BMI, and gestational age at birth. cValues were obtained with logistic regression analysis after adjustment for maternal age, pregravidic BMI, parity, and gestational age at birth. dValues were obtained with logistic regression analysis after adjustment for maternal age, pregravidic BMI, parity, and neonatal weight. eValues were obtained with logistic regression after adjustment for maternal age, pregravidic BMI, parity, and mode of delivery. NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; TTN: transient tachypnea of newborn; LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational. Power has been post hoc calculated with G*Power 3.1, entering -squared multiple correlation coefficient obtained with regression for each trait.
