Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Screening and Outcomes in Southern Italian Pregnant Women
Table 3
(a) Maternal outcomes in total GDM women. (b) The newborn outcomes in total GDM women.
(a)
Outcome
<35 yr old no risk ()
≥35 yr old or with risk factor(s) ()
value
Primary cesarean section, (%)
51 (29.8)
80 (15.9)
<0.001
Secondary cesarean section, (%)
19 (11.1)
100 (19.9)
0.010
Cesarean section after labor, (%)
3 (1.8)
20 (4.0)
0.224
Total cesarean section, (%)
73 (42.7)
200 (39.8)
0.528
Labor induction, (%)
2 (1.2)
13 (2.6)
0.377
Hypertension, (%)
7 (4.1)
19 (3.8)
0.821
Preeclampsia, (%)
5 (2.9)
12 (2.4)
0.778
Fetal distress, (%)
5 (2.9)
11 (2.2)
0.567
Polyhydramnios, (%)
8 (4.7)
16 (3.2)
0.347
Oligohydramnios, (%)
4 (2.4)
10 (2.0)
0.760
Preterm delivery, (%)
14 (8.2)
27 (5.4)
0.196
Breech presentation, (%)
18 (10.5)
25 (5.0)
0.017
2-tailed Fisher exact test was used for comparisons of proportions.
(b)
Outcome
<35 yr old no risk ()
≥35 yr old or with risk factor(s) ()
value
Birth weight (Kg), mean ± SD
0.427*
Neonatal mortality, (%)
0
1 (0.2)
>0.999
Dystocia, (%)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.2)
>0.999
Bone fracture, (%)
2 (1.2)
6 (1.2)
>0.999
Admission to NICU, (%)
11 (6.4)
31 (6.2)
0.856
RDS, (%)
3 (1.8)
9 (1.8)
>0.999
TTN, (%)
4 (2.4)
11 (2.2)
>0.999
Macrosomy (≥4 Kg), (%)
2 (1.2)
16 (3.1)
0.269
LGA, (%)
15 (8.8)
43 (8.5)
>0.999
SGA, (%)
5 (2.9)
14 (2.8)
>0.999
Metabolic complications, (%)
9 (5.3)
30 (6.0)
0.851
Hypoglycaemia, (%)
1 (0.6)
4 (0.8)
>0.999
Hyperbilirubinemia, (%)
4 (2.4)
12 (2.4)
>0.999
Hypocalcemia, (%)
2 (1.2)
8 (1.6)
>0.999
Polycythemia, (%)
2 (1.2)
6 (1.2)
>0.999
Comparison has been performed with the Mann-Whitney test. 2-tailed Fisher exact test was used for comparisons of proportions. SD: standard deviation; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit. TTN: transient tachypnea of newborn; LGA: large for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; RDS: neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
