Job-Education Mismatch and Its Impact on the Earnings of Immigrants: Evidence from Recent Arrivals to Canada

Table 5

Results of the bivariate probit regression-determinants of employment and over-education of immigrants aged 15–64.

	Probability employed	Probability overeducated
Demographic factors
Age 25–34	1.075***	0.222***
	(0.0185)	(0.0428)
Age 35–44	1.129***	0.309***
	(0.0189)	(0.0429)
Age 45–64	0.854***	0.473***
	(0.0185)	(0.0381)
Male	0.502***	0.259***
	(0.00869)	(0.0128)
Married	−0.0640***	−0.0341**
	(0.0127)	(0.0134)
Educational attainment
College	0.908***	0.459***
	(0.0137)	(0.0278)
Bachelor	0.950***	0.638***
	(0.0122)	(0.0255)
Graduate	0.891***	0.547***
	(0.0143)	(0.0262)
Immigration class
Family class	−0.269***	0.0545***
	(0.0140)	(0.0148)
Skilled workers	−0.0367***	0.144***
	(0.0104)	(0.0106)
Business class	−0.107***	−0.0444*
	(0.0194)	(0.0234)
Country of origin
Europe	0.168***	0.352***
	(0.0246)	(0.0246)
Asia	0.0213	0.240***
	(0.0231)	(0.0234)
Middle East	−0.106***	0.0401
	(0.0266)	(0.0280)
Africa	−0.219***	0.235***
	(0.0259)	(0.0276)
Caribbean and Guyana	0.0643*	0.294***
	(0.0352)	(0.0369)
South and Central America	0.165***	0.0428
	(0.0327)	(0.0332)
Oceania and Australia	0.251***	0.192***
	(0.0584)	(0.0549)
Province of residence
Quebec	−0.475***	−0.184***
	(0.0154)	(0.0192)
Ontario	0.0616***	0.265***
	(0.0114)	(0.0125)
Atlantic	0.187***	0.0949*
	(0.0476)	(0.0495)
Western	0.241***	0.0448***
	(0.0164)	(0.0170)
Language ability
Excellent and very good	0.439***	−0.138***
	(0.0106)	(0.0157)
well	0.162***	−0.0470***
	(0.0104)	(0.0127)
Field of study
Educational		0.0273*
		(0.0163)
Fine arts, humanities and social science		0.0680***
		(0.0125)
No specialization		−0.0322**
		(0.0164)
Agriculture and mathematics		−0.0867***
		(0.0151)
Engineering		0.0940***
		(0.0119)
Health		−0.0250
		(0.0222)
Took education	0.0407***	−0.0662***
	(0.00889)	(0.00933)
Foreign experience is recognized	0.484***	−0.248***
	(0.0121)	(0.0142)
Visible minority	−0.0379**	0.160***
	(0.0158)	(0.0163)
Number of credentials		0.0400***
		(0.00507)
Part time		0.195***
		(0.0128)
Arranged employment	0.749***
	(0.0253)
Relatives in Canada	0.121***
	(0.0105)
Constant	−1.864***	−1.793***
	(0.0328)	(0.0794)
Rho		0.59***
		(0.040)
Observations	134473	134473

Robust standard errors are in parentheses, ***𝑃<0.01, **𝑃<0.05, *𝑃<0.1.
Source: author’s compilation.