|
| Author, year of publication, reference | Country | Type of study/Population | CrAg asymptomatic prevalence | All CrAg positive | Comment |
|
| Africa |
|
|
Desmet et al., 1998 [106] | Kinshasa, Zaire | Cohort/450 adults | 15/450 (3.3%) | 55/450 (12.2%) | 29 out of 44 had CSF positive microscopy/culture for C. neoformans |
| French et al., 2002 [28] | Entebbe, Uganda | Cohort/1372 adults | 7/77 (9.1%) | 77/1372 (6.6%) | CrAg preceded onset of symptoms by a median of 22 days |
| Tassie et al., 2003 [107] | Mbarara, Uganda | Cohort/197 adults | 8/197 (4.1%) | 21/197 (10.7%) | 13 pts had CM |
| Liechty et al., 2007 [108] | Kampala, Uganda | Retrospective/395 adults | 22/377 (5.8) | 44/395 (11.1) | 7 pts newly diagnosed with CM, 3 of whom had a positive serum CrAg at baseline; asymptomatic CrAg independent risk factor for death (RR 6.6) |
| Jarvis et al., 2009 [109] | Cape Town, South Africa | Retrospective/707 adults | 25/707 (3.5)* | 46/707 (7%) | 13 out of 46 (28%) developed new or relapsed CM; CrAg independent risk factor for death (HR 3.1) |
| Meya et al., 2010 [110] | Kampala, Uganda | Prospective cohort/609 adults | 33/592 (5.6%)
26/295 (8.8% incidence) < 100 CD4+/μL
7/298 (2.3%)
> 100 CD4+/μL | 50/609 (8.2%) | 17 had pre-Art diagnosed CM; preemptive treatment cost-effective (NNTac 6.5; NNTad 10) |
| Mamoojee et al., 2011 [111] | Kumasi, Ghana | Retrospective/92 adults | 2/92 (2%) | 2/92 (2%) | This study suggested a limited value of CrAg testing in this area |
| Oyella et al., 2012 [112] | Kampala, Uganda | Cross-sectional/367 adults | 45/367 (12.2%) | 69/367 (18.8%) | Only 30 pts undergo lumbar puncture; 24 out of 30 had CM |
|
| South-east Asia |
|
| Micol et al., 2007 [113] | Phnom Penh, Cambodia | Prospective cohort/327 adults | 10/327 (3.1%) | 58/327 (17.7 %) | 41 pts had CM |
| Pongsai et al., 2010 [114] | Bangkok, Thailand | Retrospective/131 adults | 8/131 (6.1%) | 12/131 (9.2%) | 3 out of 12 had CM, 1 pulmonary cryptococcosis |
|
| Europe and USA |
|
| Feldmesser et al., 1996 [115] | USA | Case series/10 adults | 7/10 (70%) | 10 | First study about isolated CrAg |
| Patel et al., 2013 [116] | London, UK | Retrospective/157 adults | 1/157 (0.6%) | 7/157 (4.4%) | 7 pts diagnosed with CM |
|
