Assessment of Malnutrition in Community Chinese Elderly: A Hidden Problem in a Developed Society

Table 2

Median (IQR) nutrient intake of the male participants.

Nutrient per day	Median (IQR)	Recommended intakes	Percentage meeting the recommendation	Tolerable upper intake levels	Percentage over the upper intake
Vitamin A (𝜇g)	929.47 (649.92, 1,322.95)	900^a	52.25%	3000^a	3.30%
Vitamin B1 (mg)	0.87 (0.67, 1.17)	1.2^b	22.77%
Vitamin B2 (mg)	0.94 (0.70, 1.27)	1.3^b	23.62%
Vitamin B3/niacin (mg)	15.05 (11.18, 22.89)	16^b	45.10%	35^b	12.66%
Vitamin C (mg)	140.10 (98.73, 195.44)	90^c	79.58%	2000^c	0%
Vitamin D (𝜇g)	0.19 (0.07, 0.41)	10^d	0%	50^d	0%
Calcium (mg)	575.80 (411.98, 779.35)	1200^d	4.40%	2500^d	0%
Phosphorous (mg)	1,058.23 (806.95, 1,424.99)	700^d	84.38%	3000^d	0.30%
Iron (mg)	14.56 (11.12, 19.19)	8^a	92.94%	45^a	0.35%
Zinc (mg)	9.62 (7.47, 11.96)	11^a	33.73%	40^a	0%
Iodine (𝜇g)	0.29 (0.10, 1.06)	150^a	0.10%	1100^a	0%
Copper (𝜇g)	0.12 (0.06, 0.23)	900^a	0%	10000^a	0%
Total energy (Kcal)	2,037.84 (1,675.09, 2,457.42)	2330/2100^e	36.39%
Protein (g)	80.97 (62.24, 106.03)	56^f	82.48%
Protein (g)/body weight (kg)	1.32 (1.00, 1.74)	0.8^f	88.59%
Protein % of total energy	16.14 (13.91, 18.74)			35^f	0%
Carbohydrate (g)	274.43 (225.50, 342.72)	130^f	98.55%
Fruit (g)	231.62 (154.67, 344.45)	300^g	34.08%
Vegetable (g)	208.36 (143.70, 305.36)	240^g	40.84%
Meat (g)	145.97 (99.00, 215.27)	160^g	49.85%
Fibre (g)	8.61 (6.21, 12.00)	16^g	9.91%
Cholesterol (mg)	200.54 (135.01, 288.74)			300^h	22.32%
Fat % of total energy	28.63 (24.62, 32.95)			30^h	41.19%
Saturated fatty acid % of total energy	6.71 (5.51, 8.02)			10^h	5.11%
Monounsaturated fatty acid % of total energy	10.56 (8.87, 12.47)			12^h	29.78%
Polyunsaturated fatty acid % of total energy	6.78 (5.60, 8.38)			6^h	66.07%

^aDietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, Jan. 9, 2001.
^bDietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, Jun. 12, 2000.
^cDietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, Aug. 3, 2000.
^dDietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, Jan. 1, 1997.
^e2330 for age 65–74, 2100 for age over 74, dietary reference values for food, energy, and nutrients for united kingdom, 1991.
^fDietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fibre, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids, sep. 5, 2002.
Note: The reports for references a–f may be accessed via http://www.nap.edu/. Copyright 2002 by the National Academies. All rights reserved.
^gEat Smart! Follow the Food Pyramid!, Central Health Education Unit of the Department of Health, Hong Kong, 2005.
^hFats and oils in human nutrition, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, Rome, 19–26 Oct. 1993.