|
| Author | Agenda | Sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors | Incomplete outcome data | Selective outcome reporting | Other sources of bias | Result of summary assessment of risk of bias |
|
| Cunha et al. [31] | Global posture reeducation + stretching | Adequate | Unclear | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | High |
| Dellve et al. [32] | Myofeedback training + intensive strength training | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Ehrenborg and Archenholtz [49] | Biofeedback training + interdisciplinary rehabilitation | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Unclear | Low |
| Falla et al. [33] | Endurance-strength exercise | Adequate | Unclear | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Fitz-Ritson [50] | Proprioception, eye-head-neck coordination | Inadequate | Inadequate | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | High |
| Griffiths et al. [34] | Specific neck stabilisation exercises + general exercises | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Gustavsson et al. [35] | Multicomponent pain and stress self-management group intervention + individual physiotherapy | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Häkkinen et al. [36] | Strength training + stretching | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Jordan et al. [37] | Intensive training + physiotherapy + chiropractic manipulation | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Jull et al. [38] | Proprioception, eye-head coordination + cranio-cervical flexion | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Jull et al. [51] | Multimodal physiotherapy programme | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Jull et al. [39] | Cranio-cervical flexion exercise + strength exercises | Adequate | Unclear | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| O’Leary et al. [40] | Cranio-cervical flexion + cervical flexion endurance training | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Pato et al. [52] | Cognitive behavioural therapy + multimodal physiotherapy + infiltration + medication | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Randløv et al. [41] | Intensive training + light training | Adequate | Unclear | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Revel et al. [42] | Proprioception, eye-head-neck coordination | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Ryan [53] | Strength training + endurance training | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Unclear | High |
| Söderlund and Lindberg [54] | Cognitive behavioural programme | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Stewart et al. [55] | Exercise | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Adequate | Adequate | Low |
| Taimela et al. [43] | Multimodal proprioceptive training + home exercises | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Viljanen et al. [44] | Dynamic muscle training + relaxation training | Adequate | Unclear | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Unclear |
| Vonk et al. [45] | Behavioural graded activity + exercise | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Waling et al. [46] | Strength + endurance + coordination training | Unclear | Unclear | Inadequate | Inadequate | Unclear | Adequate | High |
| Ylinen et al. [47] | Intensive strength training + lighter endurance training | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
| Ylinen et al. [48] | Stretching exercises + manual therapy | Adequate | Adequate | Inadequate | Adequate | Unclear | Adequate | Low |
|
