International Scholarly Research Notices

Review Article

Supplements and Foods with Potential Reduction of Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Characteristics of the subjects, supplementation protocol, and the effects of interventions on blood pressure.


Studies	Sample	Supplements	Quantity	Administration (intake/day)	Time of supplementation	Methods measurement	Results (mmHg)

	Vitamins and minerals

Berry et al. [11]	23 M/25 W Hypertensives 45 ± 10 years	Potassium citrate	40 mmol	2 dose of 20 mmol/2x	6 weeks	Analysis of radial pulse wave	SBP—(−1.5 mmHg) DBP—(−0.3 mmHg)
Sugden et al. [12]	10 M/7 W Diabetics 64 ± 10 years	Vitamin D	100 00 IU	1x	8 weeks	Finometer	*SBP—145 ± 9 versus 137 ± 12 DBP—82 ± 11 versus 80 ± 9
Major et al. [13]	30 W/Obese 41 ± 6 years	Vitamin D Calcium	400 mg 1200 mg	2 dose of 200 + 600 mg 2x	15 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—112 ± 11 versus 109 ± 10 DBP—75 ± 9 versus 72 ± 7
Ward et al. [14]	13 M/5 W Diabetics 64 ± 7 years	Vitamin E	500 mg	2 dose of 250 mg/2x	6 weeks	ABPM	SBP—130 ± 13 versus 123 ± 7 DBP—76 ± 6 versus 71 ± 5
Plantinga et al. [15]	30 M/ Hypertensives 50 ± 12 years	Vitamin C Vitamin E	1000 mg 400 UI	1000 mg + 400 UI/1x	8 weeks	ABPM	SBP—134 ± 10 versus 134 ± 10 DBP—87 ± 7 versus 86 ± 7
Farvid et al. [16]	9 M/8 W Diabetics 50 ± 9 years	Magnesium Zinc Vitamin C Vitamin E	200 mg 30 mg 200 mg 150 mg	2 dose of Mg/Zn (100 + 15 mg) + Vit C/E (100 + 75 mg) 2x	12 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—130 ± 19 versus 122 ± 16 DBP—83 ± 11 versus 77 ± 9
Farvid et al. [16]	7 M/9 W Diabetics 51 ± 7 years	Magnesium Zinc	200 mg 30 mg	2 dose of Mg/Zn (100 + 15 mg) 2x	12 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—122 ± 15 versus 120 ± 10 DBP—78 ± 12 versus 78 ± 10
Farvid et al. [16]	8 M/10 W Diabetics 49 ± 9 years	Vitamin C Vitamin E	200 mg 150 mg	2 dose of Vit C/E (100 + 75 mg) 2x	12 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—125 ± 15 versus 122 ± 12 DBP—81 ± 9 versus 79 ± 12
Ward et al. [17]	12 M/7 W Hypertensives 59 ± 5 years	Vitamin C	500 mg	2 dose of 250 mg/ 2x	6 weeks	ABPM	*SBP—134 ± 10 versus 130 ± 8 DBP—81 ± 8 versus 86 ± 7
Ward et al. [17]	10 M/6 W Hypertensives 62 ± 7 years	Vitamin C Polyphenols (grape seed)	500 mg 1000 mg	2 dose of 250 + 500 mg 2x	6 weeks	ABPM	SBP—139 ± 11 versus 134 ± 8 DBP —80 ± 11 versus 76 ± 6
Morán; Romero [18]	NR 32 Diabetics 59.7 ± 8 years	Magnesium chloride	2500 mg	1x	16 weeks	NR	SBP—148 ± 32 versus 140 ± 28 DBP—86 ± 17 versus 83 ± 16
Alarcón et al. [19]	15 M/60 W Hypertensives 49 ± 5, years	Copper	5 mg	1x	8 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—158 ± 17 versus 119 ± 3 DBP—106 ± 14 versus 80 ± 1
Mullan et al. [20]	12 M/3 W Diabetics 61 ± 6 years	Vitamin C	500 mg	1x	4 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—130 ± 12 versus 120 ± 12 DBP—85 ± 5 versus 80 ± 6
Palumbo et al. [21]	NR/142 Hypertensives Idade ≥ 50 years	Vitamin E	300 mg	1x	12 weeks	Sphyg and ABPM	SBP—147 ± 6 versus 139 ± 17 DBP—88 ± 9 versus 85 ± 8
Gazis et al. [22]	36 M/12 W Diabetics 57 ± 11 years	Vitamin E	1600 UI	1x	8 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—150 ± 15 versus 146 ± 16 DBP—79 ± 9 versus 79 ± 7
Kawano et al. [23]	35 M/25 W Hypertensives 58 ± 1 years	Calcium	1000 mg	2 dose of 500 mg/2x	8 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—(−2.0 ± 1.2 mmHg) DBP—(−1.1 ± 0.7 mmHg)
De Valk et al. [24]	16 M/9 W Diabetics 62 ± 7 years	Magnesium	15 mmol	1x	12 weeks	NR	SBP—159 ± 20 versus 147 ± 22 DBP—83 ± 8 versus 77 ± 8
Siani et al. [25]	18 M/Hypertensives 45 ± 2 years	Potassium	24 mmol	3 dose of 8 mmol/3x	15 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—144 ± 22 versus 132 ± 3 DBP—92 ± 1 versus 82 ± 2

	Antioxidants components

Egert et al. [26]	42 M/51 W Obeses 43 ± 10 years	Quercetin	150 mg	3 dose of 50 mg/3x	6 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—127 ± 14 versus 124 ± 14 DBP—81 ± 9 versus 82 ± 8
Ward et al. [27]	10 M/6 W Hypertensives 62.3 ± 7.1 years	Grape seed	500 mg	2 dose of 250 mg/2x	6 weeks	ABPM	SBP—134 ± 11 versus 132 ± 9 DBP—80 ± 10 versus 73 ± 8
Aviram; Fuhrman [28]	12 M Hypercholesterolemic 52 ± 1 years	Licorice Root Extract	100 mg	1x	4 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—10% DBP—10%
Hodgson et al. [29]	61 M/19 W Diabetics 52.3 ± 1.4 years	Coenzyme Q10	200 mg	4 dose of 50 mg/2x	12 weeks	DINAMAP	SBP—127 ± 4 versus 123 ± 3 DBP—76 ± 2 versus 71 ± 2
Burke et al. [30]	46 M/37 W Diabetics 69 ± 6 years	Coenzyme Q10	120 mg	2 dose of 60 mg/2x	12 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—165 ± 5 versus 147 ± 8 DBP—81 ± 1 versus 78 ± 3

	Aminoacids and proteins

Lee et al. [31]	8 M/10 W Diabetics 52.1 ± 2.3 years	Spirulina	8 g	40 dose of 0.2 g 2x	12 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—131 ± 4 versus 129 ± 3 DBP—84 ± 2 versus 80 ± 2
Torres-Duran et al. [32]	16 M/20 W Hypercholesterolemic/ Hypertensives 44.3 ± 9.6 years	Spirulina	4.5 g	3 dose of 0.5 g 3x	6 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—120 ± 9 versus 109 ± 9 DBP—85 ± 9 versus 79 ± 8
West et al. [33]	18M Hypercholesterolemic 45 ± 1.9 years	L-arginine	12 g	4 doses of 3 g 4x	3 weeks	ABPM	SBP—134 ± 3 versus 114 ± 4 DBP—87 ± 2 versus 71 ± 2

	Foods in nature

Duda et al. [34]	38 M/32 W Hypertensives 52.0 ± 8.3 years	Garlic	1620 mg	6 doses of 270 mg 2x	4 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—142 ± 2 versus 139 ± 2 DBP—87 ± 11 versus 84 ± 10
Mizushima et al. [35]	45 M/ Hypertensives 44 ± 10 years	Milk	160 g	1x	4 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—148 ± 10 versus 143 ± 8 DBP—96 ± 10 versus 94 ± 6
Park et al. [36]	40 M Hypertensives 46 ± 2 years	Grape juice	5.5 mL por Kg corporal	2x	8 weeks	Sphyg	* SBP—146 ± 3 versus 138 ± 4 * DBP—94 ± 3 versus 88 ± 3
Burke et al. [37]	36 Hypertensives de 50 years	Soy and psyllium	25% VET + 12 g fibra 25% VET + 12 g	66 g/Maltodextrin, soy protein/66 g and psyllium/12 1x	8 weeks	ABPM	SBP—135 (120; 150) versus 126.6 (114; 139.2) DBP—74.1 (66.7; 81.4) versus 71.8 (65; 78.5)

	Commercial supplements

Vuksan et al. [38]	11 M/9 W Diabetics 64 ± 8 years	Grain Salba	37 g	1x	12 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—129 ± 17 versus 123 ± 16 DBP—81 ± 9 versus 78 ± 8
Paschos et al. [39]	59 M/ Hypercholesterolemic 52.0 ± 1.0 years	Alpha-linolenic	8000 mg	1x	12 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—120 versus 110 DBP—80 versus 72
Wang et al. [40]	17 M/6 W Obeses/Hypertensives 41.7 ± 3.4	Fish oil	3000 mg	3 doses of 1000 mg 1x	8 weeks	Sphyg	*SBP—129 ± 7 versus 124 ± 12 DBP—89.6 ± 7 versus 88 ± 7
Iwata et al. [41]	20 M/20 W Obeses 43 ± 10	Linoleic Acid	5.4 g	1x	12 weeks	Sphyg automatic	SBP—124 ± 11 versus 120 ± 12 DBP—73 ± 2 versus 72 ± 9
Iwata et al. [41]	20 M/20 W Obeses 40 ± 8	Linoleic Acid	10.8 g	1x	12 weeks	Sphyg automatic	SBP—127 ± 10 versus 123 ± 12 DBP—76 ± 7 versus 72 ± 8
Svensson et al. [42]	39 M/19 W Kidney Disease 60 ± 11 years	Fatty acids polyunsaturated n-3	2.4 g	1x	8 weeks	ABPM	SBP—135 ± 14 versus 135 ± 17 DBP—75 ± 9 versus 76 ± 8
Jenkins et al. [43]	15 M/12 W Hypercholesterolemic, 64 ± 9 years	Almonds	73 g/d	1x	4 weeks	NR	SBP—120 ± 2 versus 120 ± 3 DBP—75 ± 2 versus 76 ± 2
Jenkins et al. [43]	15 M/12 H Hypercholesterolemic, 64 ± 9 years	Half-almonds	37 g/d	1x	4 weeks	NR	SBP—121 ± 3 versus 121 ± 2 DBP—75 ± 2 versus 76 ± 2
Burke et al. [37]	36 M/Hypertensive middle-aged	Psyllium	25% VET + 12 g fibra 25% VET + 12 g	66 g/Malto, 66 g/soy protein + 12 g psyllium 1x	8 weeks	ABPM	SBP—131.6 (122.6; 141.0) versus 134.1 (123.7; 144.5) DBP—78.1 (69.4; 86.9) versus 78.7 (69.9; 87.6)
Agerholm-Larsen et al. [44]	20 M/50 W Obeses 18 to55 years	StLa (Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus acidophilus)	450 mL of milk CAUSIDO	1x	8 weeks	Sphyg	SBP—−4.4 ± 1.8 DBP—−3.4 ± 1.5
Agerholm-Larsen et al. [44]	20 M/50 W Obeses 18 to55 years	StLr (Streptococcus thermophilus + Lactobacillus rhamnosus)	450 mL of milk CAUSIDO	1x	8 weeks	Sphyg automatic	SBP—2.6 ± 3.1 DBP—0.8 ± 2.0
Agerholm-Larsen et al. [44]	20 M/50 W Obeses 18 to55 years	G (Enterococcus faecium + Streptococcus thermophilus)	450 mL of milk CAUSIDO	1x	8 weeks	Sphyg automatic	SBP—(−8.0 ± 2.3 mmHg) DBP—(−4.0 ± 2.4 mmHg)

Statistically significant, M: men, W: women, g: grams, mL: milliliter, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, Sphyg: sphygmomanometer, ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, NR: not reported, finometer: finger plethysmograph, DINAMAP: automatic sphygmomanometer.