International Scholarly Research Notices

Research Article

Serum Retinol and Carotenoids in Association with Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance among Premenopausal Women

Table 3

Mean log levels (95% CI) of biomarkers of insulin resistance per unit increase in level of serum carotenoids and retinol (μg/mL)¹.


	Model 1²	value	Model 2³	value

HOMA
β-carotene	−0.016 (−0.061, 0.029)	0.48	−0.021 (−0.064, 0.022)	0.34
β-cryptoxanthin	−0.024 (−0.074, 0.026)	0.35	−0.010 (−0.058, 0.038)	0.68
Lutein/zeaxanthin	−0.007 (−0.055, 0.042)	0.79	−0.011 (−0.058, 0.036)	0.64
Lycopene	0.054 (0.009, 0.098)	0.02	0.039 (−0.004, 0.083)	0.07
Total carotenoids	0.078 (−0.004, 0.16)	0.06	0.056 (−0.023, 0.134)	0.17
Retinol	0.35 (0.23, 0.48)	<0.0001	0.19 (0.07, 0.32)	0.002
Glucose (mmol/L)
β-carotene	−0.021 (−0.050, 0.008)	0.15	−0.024 (−0.053, 0.005)	0.11
β-cryptoxanthin	−0.048 (−0.080, −0.016)	0.003	−0.049 (−0.081, −0.016)	0.003
Lutein/zeaxanthin	−0.011 (−0.043, 0.021)	0.50	−0.012 (−0.045, 0.020)	0.45
Lycopene	0.018 (−0.012, 0.048)	0.24	0.018 (−0.012, 0.048)	0.23
Total carotenoids	−0.009 (−0.063, 0.044)	0.73	−0.011 (−0.064, 0.043)	0.70
Retinol	0.021 (−0.061, 0.102)	0.62	−0.014 (−0.098, 0.070)	0.74
Insulin (pmol/L)
β-carotene	−0.010 (−0.052, 0.033)	0.65	−0.014 (−0.055, 0.026)	0.49
β-cryptoxanthin	−0.012 (−0.059, 0.035)	0.61	0.001 (−0.044, 0.047)	0.95
Lutein/zeaxanthin	−0.005 (−0.050, 0.041)	0.85	−0.008 (−0.052, 0.036)	0.72
Lycopene	0.049 (0.007, 0.091)	0.02	0.036 (−0.005, 0.077)	0.08
Total carotenoids	0.079 (0.002, 0.156)	0.05	0.059 (−0.015, 0.133)	0.12
Retinol	0.353 (0.234, 0.472)	<0.0001	0.20 (0.08, 0.31)	0.0008
SHBG (nmol/L)
β-carotene	0.039 (0.018, 0.060)	0.0004	0.038 (0.017, 0.060)	0.0005
β-cryptoxanthin	0.007 (−0.017, 0.032)	0.54	0.007 (−0.017, 0.031)	0.58
Lutein/zeaxanthin	0.002 (0.021, 0.024)	0.87	0.001 (−0.022, 0.023)	0.94
Lycopene	−0.017 (−0.037, 0.004)	0.11	−0.018 (−0.038, 0.003)	0.09
Total carotenoids	−0.004 (−0.043, 0.035)	0.86	−0.006 (−0.045, 0.033)	0.76
Retinol	−0.214 (−0.274, −0.154)	<0.0001	−0.22 (−0.28, −0.16)	<0.0001

All variables are log-transformed, with the exception of glucose.
²Model 1 adjusts for age.
³Model 2 adjusts for age, race, smoking, physical activity, BMI, triglycerides, and total average energy intake.