Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Are Improved by the Daily Consumption of Almonds or Sunflower Kernels: A Feeding Study
Table 2
Effect of the almond and sunflower kernel diets on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, blood pressure, and -tocopherol.
Diet
Baseline mean (SD)
Final mean (SD)
Difference (95% CI)
value
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Almond
5.88 (0.66)
5.55 (0.65)
−0.14 (−0.29, 0.01)
0.073
Sunflower kernel
6.11 (0.68)
5.56 (0.59)
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
Almond
1.27 (0.32)
1.26 (0.31)
−0.04 (−0.085, −0.001)
0.045
Sunflower kernel
1.32 (0.33)
1.25 (0.31)
TC : HDL-C ratio
Almond
4.90 (1.22)
4.68 (1.26)
0.01 (−0.25, 0.26)
0.943
Sunflower kernel
4.93 (1.41)
4.72 (1.22)
LDL cholesterol (mmoL/L)
Almond
3.61 (0.64)
3.34 (0.64)
−0.05 (−0.19, 0.09)
0.607
Sunflower kernel
3.77 (0.64)
3.42 (0.61)
Triglyceride (mmoL/L)
Almond
2.10 (0.58)
2.08 (0.69)
−0.23 (−0.36, −0.09)
0.001
Sunflower kernel
2.22 (0.71)
1.95 (0.60)
Apo A1 (g/L)
Almond
1.41 (0.16)
1.37 (0.17)
−0.04 (−0.07, −0.02)
0.001
Sunflower
1.45 (0.17)
1.35 (0.16)
Apo B100 (g/L)
Almond
1.04 (0.16)
0.99 (0.17)
−0.05 (−0.08, −0.02)
<0.001
Sunflower
1.09 (0.17)
0.98 (0.14)
Oxidised LDL (U/L) †
Almond
50.67 (35–69)
47.39 (27–65)
0.96 (0.89,1.03)‡
0.268
Sunflower
52.75 (29–84)
46.93 (29–58)
Systolic BP (mmHg)
Almond
147.36 (18.31)
141.75 (22.48)
−2.36 (−11.99, 7.25)
0.630
Sunflower kernel
145.16 (21.05)
137.82 (20.61)
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
Almond
88.55 (9.67)
84.50 (9.97)
0.59 (−2.60, 3.77)
0.719
Sunflower kernel
85.93 (9.35)
83.00 (9.45)
-Tocopherol (moL/L)†
Almond
32.21 (17.5–94.4)
33.33 (20.7–91.5)
0.94 (0.89, 0.99)‡
0.013
Sunflower
34.87 (19.2–88.4)
33.35 (19.7–63.7)
Values are adjusted for baseline and order, †results are presented as geometric mean and range, ‡results are presented as ratio of the geometric means, and values are for the difference between AD and SKD.
