Evolving Concepts: How Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome Act as Modulators of Breast Malignancy

Table 2

The influence of host genes on the structure of the intestinal microbiome in gnotobiotic rodents [32].

Mouse model	Phenotype/microbiome in mouse model	Systemic manifestation of abnormal microbiome in mice	Results of fecal transplant to wild type animal	References
Rag2-knockout	No functional B and T cells/inflammatory colitis	Recurrent infections	Inflammatory colitis	[23, 24]
Tbx21-knockout	No functional Th1 cells/Crohn’s disease, colitis	Asthma, autoimmune disease, and various malignancies	Crohn’s disease, colitis, asthma, and autoimmune disease	[25]
TLR5-knockout	No flagellin receptor	Metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, fat deposition on omentum, and atherosclerosis	Metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, fat deposition on omentum, and atherosclerosis	[26]
SHP-1 mutation	No T, B cells and no immunoglobulins/colitis	Autoimmune disease, alopecia, glomerulonephritis, pneumonitis, colitis, and paws inflammation triggered by microbiota	Colitis alopecia, glomerulonephritis, and pneumonitis	[27, 28]
NLR-P3 gene mutation	Cold urticaria inflammatory disease, dysbiosis	Dysbiosis, cold urticaria inflammatory disease	Colitis, cold urticaria inflammatory disease	[29]
NOD-2 mutation	Abnormal innate immune response	Various adenocarcinomas	Crohn’s disease, dysbiosis	[30, 31]

Rag2: recombination activating gene 2.
NLR-P3: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptors P3.
Tbx21: T cell specific T-box transcription factor (crucial transcription factor for TH1 cells); TLR-5: toll-like receptor 5.
SHP-1: Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1.
NOD-2: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 2.