Evolving Concepts: How Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome Act as Modulators of Breast Malignancy

Table 3

Microbiome role in maturation of the immune system and involvement in cancer.

Microbiome components	Immune cell development	Role in cancer	References
Firmicutes phylum: Fusobacterium nucleatum	Direct killing of lymphocytes;	Promotes metastasis and tumor growth	[92]
Proteobacteria: E. coli, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Shigella, Klebsiella, and Hemophilus	Promotes TH17	Promotes cancer progression and metastasis	[93]
Archea phylum: Eubacterium rectale	IL-6 production by intestinal inflammatory dendritic cells	Promotes cancer progression and metastasis	[94]
Proteobacteria phylum: Sphingomonas species,	CD8+ T cells	Anti cancer activities	[91, 95]
Clostridium cluster IV-XIVa			[22, 96–101]
Actinobacterium phylum: Bifidobacterium	Th1 noninflammatory	Protects against inflammation and cancer	[102]