Estrogen Signaling and the Aging Brain: Context-Dependent Considerations for Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy

Figure 2

Timeline showing factors affecting ER gene expression throughout the female life-span. Brain ER gene expression patterns are altered with age, sex, and exposure to circulating hormone. Circulating hormones fluctuate with age, most dramatically at the time of puberty and menopause therefore contributing to changes in ER gene expression. Additionally, alternative splicing increases with age, thus potentially diversifying the ER gene expression profile.