Emptying of Intracellular Calcium Pool and Oxidative Stress Imbalance Are Associated with the Glyphosate-Induced Proliferation in Human Skin Keratinocytes HaCaT Cells

Figure 3

Measurement of glyphosate-induced changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ level in HaCaT cells by spectrofluorometry with Fura-2/AM dye. (a) Ca²⁺ level was measured after treatment with NAC (20 mM), 0.1 mM glyphosate, and 10 nM TPA at 0–6 h. (b) Ca²⁺ level was measured after a prior treatment with 20 mM NAC. Results are mean ± SD from three independent experiments. *Decrease over control cells (𝑃<0.01); **increase over control cells (𝑃<0.01).

(a)

(b)